ArticleBMC infectious diseases2026
Diversity of third-generation cephalosporin-resistant enterobacterales from human and animal samples obtained in Owerri, Nigeria.
Article in BMC infectious diseases, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
The prevalence of extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing Enterobacterales (ESBL) is increasing worldwide. However, there is limited data on the prevalence of such strains in Nigeria. This study characterized third-generation cephalosporin-resistant Enterobacterales isolates from human and food-producing animal samples obtained in Owerri, southeast, Nigeria. A total of 210 fecal samples from humans and animals were selectively cultured for extended-spectrum cephalosporin-resistant Enterobacterales using standard microbiological methods. Isolated bacteria were identified as Enterobacterales by MALDI-TOF MS and further characterized by antimicrobial susceptibility testing, PCR targeting β-lactamase resistance genes, non-β-lactamase resistance genes, and virulence-associated genes by microarray-based assay. Out of the 210 fecal samples analyzed, 66 third-generation cephalosporin-resistant Enterobacterales were isolated, including Escherichia coli (n = 53), Klebsiella aerogenes (n = 3), Klebsiella pneumoniae (n = 3), Enterobacter cloacae (n = 3), and single isolates each of Citrobacter freundii, Enterobacter kobei, Enterobacter bugandensis, and Morganella morganii, respectively. The ESBL phenotype was observed in all the isolates apart from Enterobacter sp, Citrobacter freundii, and Morganella morganii. In addition, most isolates displayed combined AmpC and ESBL phenotypes, while 60 isolates were multidrug resistant. There was no significant difference in the rate of resistance between isolates from human and animal samples (P > 0.05). The blaCTX−M ESBL gene was most predominant (n = 59), while strB (n = 55), sul2 (n = 54), strA (n = 52), catA (n = 50), tet(B) (n = 50), aadA2 (n = 48), and dfrA12 (n = 47) were most frequently observed among non-β-lactam resistance. The most prevalent virulence factor was fimH, detected in 95% of the E. coli isolates, while phylogroup A was the most common E. coli phylogroup. Since there is high proximity between food-producing animals and humans in Nigeria, the dissemination of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) among the two hosts, highlighted in this study, poses a public health threat. Thus, there is a need to establish multisectoral action at the human-animal-environment interface for “One Health” AMR surveillance programs to tackle the antibiotic-resistant crisis in humans, animals, and environments.
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