ArticleBMC pregnancy and childbirth2026
Associations between maternal circulating vitamin K isoforms and adverse pregnancy events.
Article in BMC pregnancy and childbirth, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
objectiveTo systematically characterize the serum concentrations of vitamin K isoforms at various stages of pregnancy, investigate their gestational variation and associations with adverse pregnancy events.
methodsThis retrospective study included 178 women with singleton pregnancies, comprising 38 in early pregnancy, 55 in mid-pregnancy, and 85 in late pregnancy. Demographic characteristics and clinical outcome data were retrieved from electronic medical records, and fasting serum concentrations of vitamin K1 (VK1) and vitamin K2(VK2) isoforms (menaquinone-4 [MK-4] and menaquinone-7 [MK-7]) were measured using high-performance liquid chromatography. Linear regression and restricted cubic spline models were used to explore both linear and nonlinear relationships between vitamin K concentrations, gestational age, and adverse pregnancy events.
resultsSerum concentrations of VK1, MK-4, MK-7, VK2, and total vitamin K (TVK) positively correlated with gestational age (P < 0.01), while MK-4 concentrations were inversely associated with maternal age (P < 0.05). Compared to participants without gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), those with GDM had significantly higher VK1, MK-7, and TVK concentrations. In contrast, MK-4 concentrations were lower in cases of gestational hypertension and low birth weight. Regression analysis revealed a significant U-shaped association between MK-7, VK2, and TVK and the risk of GDM (non-linear P < 0.01). Additionally, higher VK1 concentrations were associated with a reduced risk of composite adverse outcomes (P < 0.05), whereas elevated MK-7 concentrations were positively correlated with increased risk (P < 0.01).
conclusionVitamin K status during pregnancy shows gestational age–related variation. Lower VK1 and MK-4 concentrations were associated with increased risks of adverse pregnancy events, while MK-7 demonstrated a non-linear association with GDM, suggesting that different vitamin K isoforms may play distinct roles during gestation. These findings provide new preliminary insight into the potential metabolic and obstetric relevance of vitamin K during pregnancy; however, they require confirmation in larger, well-designed prospective studies before translation into clinical practice.
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