Evidence map›Paper›PMID 42000981›Full record

ArticleAnnals of biomedical engineering2026

Passive Mechanical Testing of Female Human Levator Ani and Superficial Perineal Muscles.

Megan R Routzong, Justin Dubik, Raffaella De Vita, Marianna Alperin, Pamela A Moalli, Steven D Abramowitch

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Annals of biomedical engineering, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

6 authors.

Megan R RoutzongDepartment of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. mer136@pitt.edu.
Justin DubikSTRETCH Lab, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA.
Raffaella De VitaSTRETCH Lab, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA.
Marianna AlperinDepartment of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
Pamela A MoalliDepartment of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
Steven D AbramowitchDepartment of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.

Funding

TRAINING IN REPRODUCTIVE SCIENCEST32HD007203 · NICHD · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN DIEGO · PI PAMELA L MELLON · 1988 to 2026
$4.8M
Prevention of pelvic floor muscle dysfunction with extracellular matrix hydrogelR01HD102184 · NICHD · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN DIEGO · PI ALPERIN, MARIANNA, CHRISTMAN, KAREN L · 2020 to 2024
$3.2M
Multiscale Experimental and Computational Methods to Characterize Hormonal and Mechanical Contributions to Pregnancy-Induced Remodeling of Skeletal MuscleK99HD115224 · NICHD · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN DIEGO · PI ROUTZONG, MEGAN · 2024 to 2025
$236k
Foundation for the National Institutes of Health HD007203Foundation for the National Institutes of Health K99HD115224National Science Foundation 1747452National Science Foundation 2053851NICHD NIH HHS K99 HD115224NICHD NIH HHS R01 HD102184NICHD NIH HHS T32 HD007203
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

The levator ani muscles (LAMs) and superficial perineal muscles (SPMs) are critical to pelvic organ support. While few studies have investigated the female human LAMs via ex vivo mechanical testing, even fewer have investigated the SPMs. In this study, we evaluated female human LAMs and SPMs via ex vivo uniaxial tensile testing, hypothesizing that the LA would have a distinct response compared to the SPMs. SPM-bulbocavernosus (BC), ischiocavernosus (IS), transverse perinei (TP)-and LAM samples were obtained from 8 fresh-frozen female human cadavers. LAMs and SPMs were dissected en bloc as a pelvic floor complex, stored frozen, and then individual muscle specimens were dissected from thawed complexes for mechanical testing. Extension-to-failure tests were performed at a displacement rate of 5 mm min

Indexed as

Ex vivo uniaxial mechanical testingFemale pelvic floorLevator ani musclesSuperficial perineal muscles

Identifiers

PMID42000981
PMCPMC13310523

What OpenQuestion holds

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LicenceCC BY-NC-ND
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Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.