Evidence map›Paper›PMID 42000825›Full record

ArticleScientific reports2026

Innovative development of high-strength concrete with ultrafine metakaolin-heated POFA binders and fine coal bottom ash aggregate: Strength, durability and microstructural performance.

Mohammed Ali Mansour, Mohd Hanif Ismail, Mugahed Amran, Honin Alshaer, Mohd Haziman Wan Ibrahim, Abdullah Faisal Alshalif, Omar Alruwaythi, Norfaniza Mokhtar

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Article in Scientific reports, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

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1 · What the graph read from it

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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

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3 · Its place in the literature

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4 · The record

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5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

8 authors.

Mohammed Ali MansourCivil Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Gaza University, Al Zaitoun, Gaza City, Palestine. mohdmans1984@gmail.com.
Mohd Hanif IsmailFaculty of Civil Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, 86400 Johor, Malaysia.
Mugahed AmranDepartment of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, Taibah University, 42353, Madinah, Saudi Arabia.
Honin AlshaerDepartment of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Sana'a University, 9671 Sana'a, Yemen. honinalshaeer2022@gmail.com.
Mohd Haziman Wan IbrahimFaculty of Civil Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, 86400 Johor, Malaysia.
Abdullah Faisal AlshalifFaculty of Civil Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, 86400 Johor, Malaysia.
Omar AlruwaythiDepartment of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, Taibah University, 42353, Madinah, Saudi Arabia.
Norfaniza MokhtarFaculty of Civil Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, 86400 Johor, Malaysia.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

The production of high-strength concrete (HSC) remains heavily dependent on cement and natural sand, despite the urgent need to reduce the carbon footprint of construction materials. Meanwhile, substantial quantities of palm oil fuel ash (POFA) and coal bottom ash (CBA) remain underutilized, and most existing studies treat ultrafine metakaolin (UFM), heated POFA (HPOFA), or CBA in isolation rather than as an integrated eco-concrete system. This study develops and evaluates an innovative HSC in which UFM and HPOFA serve as blended binders and CBA partially replaces natural fine aggregate. The main objective is to quantify the influence of ternary system on strength development relating to time, permeability, sulfate resistance and microstructural characteristics. A full factorial experimental program was conducted on HSC mixes containing 10-15% UFM, 20-30% HPOFA, and 0-20% CBA as fine aggregate. The results showed that 15% UFM maximizes compressive strength for binary blend, while a combined 15% UFM and 20% HPOFA is optimal for ternary blend. Overall, optimization of the UFM and HPOFA with CBA as fine aggregate system identified 10% UFM, 20% HPOFA and 10% CBA as the best-performing combination. The incorporation of 10-15% UFM with 20-30% HPOFA reduces permeability to 1.80-1.97 × 10

Indexed as

Coal bottom ash (CBA)Durability performanceHigh-strength concreteMicrostructureOptimizationPalm oil fuel ash (POFA)SulfateUltrafine metakaolin (UFM)

Identifiers

PMID42000825
PMCPMC13254065

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.