ArticleTranslational psychiatry2026
Associations of oral contraceptives and hormone replacement therapy with incident dementia risk: a population-based cohort study.
Article in Translational psychiatry, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors.
Funding
Abstract
The relationships between exogenous hormones and dementia, as well as cognitive function in females, remains debated. This study aimed to investigate the associations of exogenous hormone exposure (oral contraceptives [OC] and hormone replacement therapy [HRT]) with incident dementia risk, cognitive function and changes in brain structures. Multivariate Cox proportional hazard regression models were used to assess the associations between exogenous hormone exposure and dementia incidence. Linear regression models were employed to explore the relationships of exogenous hormone exposure and cognitive performances. Mediation models were conducted to explore the underlying mechanisms driven by brain structures. A total of 233,896 female participants from the UK Biobank were included. In fully adjusted models, OC use was associated with reduced risks of all-cause dementia (ACD) (HR [95% CI], 0.806 [0.724-0.897]), Alzheimer's disease (AD) (HR [95%CI], 0.767 [0.659-0.893]) and vascular dementia (VaD) (HR [95%CI], 0.735 [0.578-0.934]). HRT was associated with decreased risks of ACD (HR [95%CI], 0.897 [0.811-0.992]) and AD (HR [95%CI], 0.804 [0.696-0.928]). Duration of OC use showed a non-linear (J-shaped) association with the risks of ACD and AD. In addition, brain structures, including the bilateral pallidum and left thalamus proper were identified as potential mediators in the relationships between the duration of OC use and cognitive performance. To summarize, exogenous hormone use is associated with reduced dementia risk and better cognitive function, with pallidum and thalamus possibly mediating the associations.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.