ArticlePhysiological reports2026
Changes in cardiovascular health and physical functioning in non-hospitalized, adult COVID-19 patients after 3 years of follow-up.
Article in Physiological reports, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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7 authors.
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Abstract
Long-term cardiovascular consequences of COVID-19 remain unclear, particularly in non-hospitalized individuals. We investigated longitudinal changes (~3 years) in cardiovascular risk factors, cardiac biomarkers, physical functioning, and activity in non-hospitalized COVID-19 individuals versus age- and sex-matched controls. Assessments were performed in 2021 (~6 months post-infection) and repeated 3 years after initial SARS-CoV-2 infection among 101 non-hospitalized COVID-19 participants and 101 healthy age- and sex-matched controls. Multiple imputation was adopted to adjust for missing data due to drop-out. Based on the absence (-) or presence (+) of infections during follow-up, four groups were created: COVID-19/- (n = 45), COVID-19/+ (n = 56), Control/- (n = 29), and Control/+ (n = 72). Additionally, sex-stratified analyses were performed. No changes were found in parameters related to cardiovascular risk factors, cardiac biomarkers, physical functioning and physical activity across the 3-year follow-up, showing no time × group effects for any of the outcomes (all p-values >0.05). Sex-stratified analyses and complete-case sensitivity analysis reinforced our results. Overall, we found no changes in cardiovascular risk factors, cardiac biomarkers, physical functioning and activity across a 3-year follow-up in non-hospitalized COVID-19 individuals compared to healthy controls, independent of infections during follow-up. This suggests that non-hospitalized COVID-19 did not induce long-term deleterious changes in cardiovascular health or physical characteristics.
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