Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41998857›Full record

ArticleHealth promotion journal of Australia : official journal of Australian Association of Health Promotion Professionals2026

Socio-Structural Factors as Predictors of Parents' Intentions to Enrol Their Children in Swimming Lessons.

Kyra Hamilton, Amy E Peden, Stephanie R Smith, Jacob J Keech, Daniel J Phipps, Martin S Hagger

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In one paragraph

Article in Health promotion journal of Australia : official journal of Australian Association of Health Promotion Professionals, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Socio-Structural Factors as Predictors of Parents' Intentions to Enrol Their Children in Swimming Lessons.Health promotion journal of Australia : official journal of Australian Association of Health Promotion Professionals · 2026
    Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

6 authors.

Kyra HamiltonSchool of Applied Psychology, Griffith University, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9975-685X
Amy E PedenSchool of Population Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales, Kensington, New South Wales, Australia.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6424-1511
Stephanie R SmithSchool of Applied Psychology, Griffith University, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6892-4379
Jacob J KeechSchool of Applied Psychology, Griffith University, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2504-9778
Daniel J PhippsSchool of Applied Psychology, Griffith University, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0217-0578
Martin S HaggerSchool of Applied Psychology, Griffith University, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2685-1546

Funding

National Health and Medical Research Council APP2009306Royal Life Saving Society - New South Wales
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

issue addressedSwimming lessons are an effective drowning prevention strategy, yet uptake remains socially patterned. Socio-structural factors such as parent age, sex and family income may shape parents' decisions to enrol their children in swimming lessons. According to the Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB), people's beliefs, reflected in their attitudes, subjective norms and perceived control, drive health-related intentions. Socio-structural characteristics may therefore influence parents' intentions indirectly by shaping these underlying beliefs. This study examined an untested pathway, assessing whether socio-structural factors shape parents' beliefs and, in turn, their intentions to enrol children in swimming lessons.

methodsParents (N = 323) of primary school-aged children without prior formal lessons completed an online survey. Latent variable structural equation modelling in R (Lavaan) tested direct and indirect relationships between socio-structural factors, TPB constructs and intention.

resultsThe model demonstrated good fit. Parent age predicted attitudes, subjective norms and perceived control. Sex directly predicted intention, while income predicted perceived control. All three TPB constructs significantly predicted intention, mediating the effects of age and income. The model explained 70% of variance in intention.

conclusionsParents' intention to enrol their children in swimming lessons is shaped indirectly by socio-structural characteristics through belief-based TPB constructs. This highlights the importance of integrating structural determinants into social cognition models to better understand inequities in preventive health behaviours. SO WHAT?: Strengthening positive attitudes, supportive social norms and parental confidence, while reducing financial and structural barriers to participation, may improve equitable access to swimming lessons and contribute to drowning prevention.

Indexed as

DrowningIntentionParentsSwimmingAdultChildFemaleHealth Knowledge, Attitudes, PracticeHumansMaleSocioeconomic FactorsSurveys and QuestionnairesTheory of Planned Behaviordrowningintentionsswimming lessonstheory of planned behaviour

Identifiers

PMID41998857
PMCPMC13090427

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.