ArticleParticle and fibre toxicology2026
Simulated aquatic aging exacerbates pulmonary toxicity of graphite nanoplatelets by mechanically and chemically induced surface oxidation, enhancing oxidative potential.
Article in Particle and fibre toxicology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
backgroundGraphite nanoplatelets (GNPs) are increasingly used in advanced materials, yet their environmental transformation and resulting health impacts remain poorly understood. This study investigated how long-term aquatic aging alters the physicochemical properties and pulmonary toxicity of GNPs.
resultsPristine GNPs (PGNPs) were aged for 26 months in water containing sand under constant agitation to simulate natural mechanical and chemical weathering, yielding aged GNPs (AGNPs) with increased surface oxidation level, smaller lateral dimensions, and improved hydrophilicity. These alterations enhanced the intrinsic oxidative potential of AGNPs by 1.28-1.40-fold relative to PGNPs. Following a single intratracheal instillation in mice (25-100 µg/mouse), AGNPs induced significantly stronger pulmonary inflammation at both 24 h and 7 days, characterized by elevated neutrophil infiltration, increased levels of lactate dehydrogenase, total protein, and pro-inflammatory cytokines in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. Although both materials showed a similar clearance pattern, AGNPs showed a slightly prolonged retention compared to PGNPs (half-life: AGNPs 10 days, PGNPs 5.5 days). Differentiated THP-1 macrophages and A549 cells exposed to AGNPs showed higher cytotoxicity, intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, and cytokine release than PGNPs, confirming the in vivo findings. Correlation analysis revealed that ROS levels were strongly associated with inflammatory and cytotoxic endpoints (Pearson r > 0.90), indicating that oxidative stress is a key mechanism of GNP-induced toxicity.
conclusionsThese findings demonstrate that simulated aquatic aging enhances the oxidative potential and pulmonary toxicity of GNPs through mechanically and chemically induced surface oxidation, highlighting the need to consider environmental transformation in nanomaterial hazard assessment and life-cycle-based safety assessment.
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