ArticleBMC oral health2026
Craniofacial and occlusal phenotypes associated with questionnaire-defined risk of sleep-disordered breathing in children: a cross-sectional study.
Article in BMC oral health, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
9 authors.
Funding
Abstract
objectiveThe prevalence of sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) among urban children aged 3 to 11 years remains insufficiently characterized. In addition, population-based screening lacks well-defined risk profiles, particularly in East Asian populations. This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of questionnaire-defined risk of SDB across pediatric age groups and to identify associated craniofacial and occlusal phenotypic patterns.
methodsA cross-sectional study was conducted in Shanghai, China, using a randomized cluster sampling approach among children aged 3–11 years. Clinical examinations by dental professionals assessed craniofacial morphology, dental occlusion, and tonsillar size. Additional data were collected on sociodemographic characteristics, medical history, and parent-reported responses to the PSQ-22 and OSA-18 sleep questionnaires. A two-step cluster analysis was performed to automatically classify participants into subgroups based on shared clinical and demographic features.
resultsA total of 1,624 children from 31 schools were included in the analysis, with 14.78% identified as screen-positive for SDB risk. Three distinct clusters were identified for both preschool and school-age children, based on combinations of demographic variables, craniofacial features, dental occlusion, and tonsil size. Significant differences in questionnaire scores and positivity rates were observed across clusters. Key high-risk phenotypic profiles included: (1) preschool children with convex facial profiles, distal occlusion, increased overbite, and increased overjet; and (2) school-age children with relevant medical histories (adenotonsillar hypertrophy, chronic rhinitis), pronounced dental crowding, straight or convex profiles, Angle Class II/III molar relationship, increased overbite, and increased overjet.
conclusionsUsing cluster analysis of craniofacial and occlusal characteristics, this study identified age-specific phenotypic profiles associated with questionnaire-defined risk of sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) in children. These results highlight the potential utility of phenotype-based screening approaches in epidemiological settings and may aid in the early identification of children at increased risk.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.