Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41998502›Full record

ArticleBMC microbiology2026

Prevalence and molecular characterization of Salmonella spp. from clinical, food, and environmental sources in Addis Ababa and surrounding towns, Ethiopia.

Abebe M Aga, Dereje Nigussie, Abera Motuma, Adugna Abdi Woldesemayat, Gemechu Chala Hunderra, Bilise Wakitole, Musin Kelel, Fanos Tadesse Woldemariyam, Zinash Teferi, Natnael Berihun and 5 more

Abstract read
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In one paragraph

Article in BMC microbiology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
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1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

15 authors.

Abebe M AgaArmauer Hansen Research Institute; Vaccines, Diagnostics and Medical Device R&D, P.O Box 1005, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. agagurmu@yahoo.com.
Dereje NigussieArmauer Hansen Research Institute; Vaccines, Diagnostics and Medical Device R&D, P.O Box 1005, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
Abera MotumaArmauer Hansen Research Institute; Vaccines, Diagnostics and Medical Device R&D, P.O Box 1005, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
Adugna Abdi WoldesemayatDepartment of Biotechnology, Biotechnology and Bioprocess Center of Excellence, Addis Ababa Science and Technology University, P.O. Box 1617, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
Gemechu Chala HunderraArmauer Hansen Research Institute; Vaccines, Diagnostics and Medical Device R&D, P.O Box 1005, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
Bilise WakitoleArmauer Hansen Research Institute; Vaccines, Diagnostics and Medical Device R&D, P.O Box 1005, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
Musin KelelDepartment of Biotechnology, Biotechnology and Bioprocess Center of Excellence, Addis Ababa Science and Technology University, P.O. Box 1617, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
Fanos Tadesse WoldemariyamArmauer Hansen Research Institute; Vaccines, Diagnostics and Medical Device R&D, P.O Box 1005, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
Zinash TeferiArmauer Hansen Research Institute; Vaccines, Diagnostics and Medical Device R&D, P.O Box 1005, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
Natnael BerihunArmauer Hansen Research Institute; Vaccines, Diagnostics and Medical Device R&D, P.O Box 1005, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
Samuel WoldekidanArmauer Hansen Research Institute; Vaccines, Diagnostics and Medical Device R&D, P.O Box 1005, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
Abiy AbebeArmauer Hansen Research Institute; Vaccines, Diagnostics and Medical Device R&D, P.O Box 1005, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
Shambel TadesseArmauer Hansen Research Institute; Vaccines, Diagnostics and Medical Device R&D, P.O Box 1005, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
Demise MulugetaArmauer Hansen Research Institute; Vaccines, Diagnostics and Medical Device R&D, P.O Box 1005, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
Mesfin Tafesse GemedaDepartment of Biotechnology, Biotechnology and Bioprocess Center of Excellence, Addis Ababa Science and Technology University, P.O. Box 1617, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. mesfin.tafesse@aastu.edu.et.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

introductionSalmonella spp. are a major cause of foodborne diarrheal disease, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. Poor sanitation and unsafe food handling facilitate the transmission and persistence of Salmonella in human, animal, and environmental sources. This study focused on assessing the prevalence of Salmonella spp. obtained from stool, food, and environmental samples in Addis Ababa and its surrounding towns.

methodsA total of 552 samples were collected, comprising 386 stool samples from diarrheic outpatients along with full demographic data and 166 food and environmental samples, including meat (n = 57) and sewage from slaughterhouses (n = 16), chicken intestines (n = 42), and chicken droppings (n = 51). Stool samples were transported in Cary-Blair transport media while food and environmental samples were collected in buffered peptone water. Samples were enriched in selenite broth and cultured on MacConkey and Xylose Lysine Deoxycholate (XLD) agar, and differentiated as lactose fermenting and non-lactose fermenting. Biochemical tests, including Triple Sugar Iron (TSI), Urea, Citrate, and Lysine Iron Agar (LIA), were performed for presumptive identification of the isolates, which were further confirmed using polyvalent Salmonella antisera. All biochemically identified isolates were further subjected to PCR test targeting invA gene and serovar-specific markers.

resultsBehavioral analysis indicated that 26.8% of patients reported consumption of raw or undercooked food prior to illness, and a significant association was observed between Salmonella infection and raw food consumption (p < 0.001). Among the 386 stool samples analyzed, 8.56% (33/386) tested positive for Salmonella by PCR. Among food and environmental sources, the highest prevalence was observed in chicken intestinal samples (28.57%, 12/42), followed by meat samples, specifically cattle lymph nodes (21.88%, 7/31), chicken droppings (7.69%, 4/52), surface swabs (7.41%, 2/26), and wastewater samples (6.25%, 1/16). Generally, Salmonella was confirmed in 61 of 552 samples (11.05%) using PCR targeting the conserved invA gene. Screening revealed source-specific detection patterns, with higher positivity in animal intestinal samples compared with environmental sources, highlighting potential reservoirs of Salmonella within a One Health framework.

conclusionSalmonella spp. pose a significant public health threat across interconnected human, animal, and environmental settings in Addis Ababa and surrounding areas. Strengthening sanitation, improving food safety practices along the animal-to-human food chain, and enhancing integrated surveillance are essential to reduce transmission and mitigate the burden of salmonellosis within a One Health framework.

Indexed as

Environmental MicrobiologyFood MicrobiologySalmonellaSalmonella InfectionsAdolescentAdultAnimalsBacterial ProteinsChickensChildChild, PreschoolDiarrheaEthiopiaFecesFemaleHumansBacterial ProteinsinvA protein, BacteriaSewageAddis AbabaDiarrheal diseasesPrevalenceRaw foodSalmonella sppSanitation

Identifiers

PMID41998502
PMCPMC13217960

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.