Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41998201›Full record

ArticleCommunications medicine2026

Antiviral CD4

Jared M Oakes, Joshua D Simmons, Cindy Hager-Nochowicz, Leslie Kirk, Joan Eason, Natasha B Halasa, H Keipp Talbot, Samuel S Bailin, Jessica L Castilho, Spyros A Kalams

Abstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Communications medicine, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

10 authors.

Jared M OakesDepartment of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3910-1346
Joshua D SimmonsDivision of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2674-1662
Cindy Hager-NochowiczDivision of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.
Leslie KirkDivision of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.
Joan EasonDivision of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.
Natasha B HalasaDivision of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.
H Keipp TalbotDivision of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.
Samuel S BailinDivision of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.
Jessica L CastilhoDivision of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.
Spyros A KalamsDepartment of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA. s.kalams@vumc.org.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0098-7995

Funding

Single cell molecular analysis of influenza vaccine responses in elderly individualsR01AI142095 · NIAID · VANDERBILT UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER · PI KALAMS, SPYROS A · 2019 to 2023
$2.9M
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) R01AI142095
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundRecent influenza vaccine formulations have improved the magnitude of B-cell antibody responses in older adults; however, older adults remain significantly at risk for severe influenza-related illness. Although antibodies are an important metric of vaccine effectiveness, they only represent one aspect of the immune response.

methodsIn this study, we combined in vitro and ex vivo immune assays with human samples to investigate B cell, CD4

resultsWe found that older adults mounted antibody titers equivalent to those of younger adults but had fewer influenza-reactive CD4

conclusionsThese data suggest that with aging, transcriptional programming alterations in myeloid and T cells contribute to reduced antiviral responses, and formulating vaccines tailored to cellular immune responses is necessary to improve outcomes in older adults.

Identifiers

PMID41998201
PMCPMC13275891

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY-NC-ND
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.