Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41997547›Full record

ArticleReproductive toxicology (Elmsford, N.Y.)2026

Associations between pollutants, the regularity of daily sex hormone patterns, and hormone profiles over a complete menstrual cycle.

J F Winkles, Nanette Santoro, Samar R El Khoudary, Priyanka deSouza, James Matuk, Sybil Crawford, Alicia Colvin, Mary Sammel, Sung Kyun Park

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Reproductive toxicology (Elmsford, N.Y.), 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

9 authors.

J F WinklesEpidemiology Data Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. Electronic address: jsw70@pitt.edu.
Nanette SantoroDivision of Reproductive Sciences, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA.
Samar R El KhoudaryEpidemiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
Priyanka deSouzaDepartment of Urban and Regional Planning, University of Colorado, Denver, CO, USA.
James MatukEpidemiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
Sybil CrawfordTan Chingfen Graduate School of Nursing, UMass Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA.
Alicia ColvinEpidemiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
Mary SammelDepartment of Biostatistics and Informatics, Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora, CO, USA.
Sung Kyun ParkEpidemiology, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.

Funding

The Study of Women's Health Across the Nation (SWAN): The Impact of Midlife and the Menopause Transition on Health and Functioning in Early Old AgeU19AG063720 · NIA · UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH AT PITTSBURGH · PI SHERRI-ANN M BURNETT-BOWIE · 2020 to 2026
$61.3M
WOMENS HEALTH ACROSS THE NATION--COORDINATING CENTERU01AG012553 · NIA · UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH AT PITTSBURGH · PI BROOKS, MARIA MORI · 1994 to 2019
$37.7M
WOMENS HEALTH ACROSS THE NATION--ENDOCRINE LABU01AG012495 · NIA · UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN AT ANN ARBOR · PI MCCONNELL, DANIEL S · 1994 to 2018
$18.8M
WOMENS HEALTH ACROSS THE NATION--PITTSBURGHU01AG012546 · NIA · UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH AT PITTSBURGH · PI MATTHEWS, KAREN · 1994 to 2019
$16.2M
WOMENS HEALTH ACROSS THE NATION--UCDAVISU01AG012554 · NIA · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA DAVIS · PI GOLD, ELLEN B. · 1994 to 2019
$14.5M
WOMENS HEALTH ACROSS THE NATION--UCLAU01AG012539 · NIA · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LOS ANGELES · PI GREENDALE, GAIL A · 1994 to 2018
$13.7M
THE STUDY OF WOMEN'S HEALTH ACROSS THE NATION-MICHIGANU01NR004061 · NINR · UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN AT ANN ARBOR · PI HARLOW, SIOBAN D · 1994 to 2018
$12.9M
WOMENS HEALTH ACROSS THE NATION--CHICAGOU01AG012505 · NIA · RUSH UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER · PI KRAVITZ, HOWARD M · 1994 to 2019
$11.9M
WOMENS HEALTH ACROSS THE NATION--MASSACHUSETTS GENERAL HU01AG012531 · NIA · MASSACHUSETTS GENERAL HOSPITAL · PI FINKELSTEIN, JOEL S · 1994 to 2019
$10.7M
Women's Health Across the Nation-New Jersey SiteU01AG012535 · NIA · UNIV OF MED/DENT OF NJ-NJ MEDICAL SCHOOL · PI DERBY, CAROL A. · 1994 to 2019
$9.2M
Integrated exposome profiling to identify environmental risk factors of metabolic disease in mid- and late-lifeR01ES035087 · NIEHS · UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN AT ANN ARBOR · PI Sung Kyun Park · 2023 to 2026
$2.5M
Exposure to Multipollutants and Obesity, Type-2 Diabetes and Metabolic SyndromeR01ES026578 · NIEHS · UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN AT ANN ARBOR · PI PARK, SUNG KYUN · 2016 to 2020
$2.4M
NIA NIH HHS U01 AG012495NIA NIH HHS U01 AG012505NIA NIH HHS U01 AG012531NIA NIH HHS U01 AG012535NIA NIH HHS U01 AG012539NIA NIH HHS U01 AG012546NIA NIH HHS U01 AG012553NIA NIH HHS U01 AG012554NIA NIH HHS U19 AG063720NIEHS NIH HHS R01 ES026578NIEHS NIH HHS R01 ES026964NIEHS NIH HHS R01 ES035087NINR NIH HHS U01 NR004061
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

This study investigates how elevated pollutant levels in the body are associated with the regularity/complexity of daily urinary sex hormones, identifying relationships and evaluating them in the context of hormonal profile differences. 273 midlife women provided daily measurements of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), estrogen conjugates (E1C), pregnanediol glucuronide (PDG), and luteinizing hormone (LH) for a full menstrual cycle. In addition, one-time urine/serum samples were taken testing for per/polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), phthalates, phenols, and metals. Hormone regularity/complexity was measured via distribution and fuzzy entropy (DistEn, FuzzEn) and regressed separately on ordinal pollutant levels. Generally, strong associations exist between elevated pollutant levels and hormonal entropy. The majority trend shows the highest pollutant levels being associated with decreases in hormonal entropy; bisphenol A (phenol) with E1C-DistEn and FSH-FuzzEn, perfluorononanoic acid (PFAS) with FSH-DistEn, perfluorooctanoic acid (PFAS) with LH-FuzzEn, methyl paraben (phenol) with E1C-DistEn, and Thallium (metal) with PDG-DistEn and LH-FuzzEn. Additionally, the highest level of 2-(N-ethyl-perfluorooctane sulfonamido) acetic acid (PFAS) is associated with increased LH-DistEn. These relationships correspond to hormonal profiles indicative of advanced reproductive aging associated with pre/perimenopause, displaying varying degrees of weakened/altered LH peaks, heightened FSH, diminished PDG surges, and late-luteal phase E1C dysfunction. This trend persists after accounting for age and prevalence of anovulatory cycles, indicating that, with the exception of LH-DistEn, lowered entropy may signal instances where elevated pollutant levels in the body relate to early menopause. While LH-DistEn still embodies this pollutant-aging relationship, it may be unique in that elevated DistEn is associated with relatively more hormonal dysregulation.

Indexed as

Environmental PollutantsGonadal Steroid HormonesMenstrual CycleAdultFemaleFluorocarbonsFollicle Stimulating HormoneHumansLuteinizing HormoneMiddle AgedPhenolsPhthalic AcidsPregnanediolEnvironmental PollutantsFluorocarbonsFollicle Stimulating HormoneGonadal Steroid HormonesLuteinizing HormonePhenolsPhthalic AcidsPregnanediolpregnanediol-3 alpha-glucuronideEndocrine disrupting chemicalsEntropyFemale reproductive hormonesMenopauseMulti-pollutantPerimenopausePollutantsSex hormones

Identifiers

PMID41997547
PMCPMC13257933

What OpenQuestion holds

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Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.