Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41996556›Full record

ArticleChembiochem : a European journal of chemical biology2026

Structure-Activity Relationship of Cyanine Dyes in Relation to the Hepatic Uptake and Excretion.

Nataliia S Berehova, Emily L J de Bock, Maarten P van Meerbeek, Chanel M Naar, Thom van den Eng, Nikita A Bouw, Tessa Buckle, Fijs W B van Leeuwen

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Article in Chembiochem : a European journal of chemical biology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

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0citing papers in PubMed
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1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

8 authors.

Nataliia S BerehovaInterventional Molecular Imaging Laboratory (IMI), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
Emily L J de BockInterventional Molecular Imaging Laboratory (IMI), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
Maarten P van MeerbeekInterventional Molecular Imaging Laboratory (IMI), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
Chanel M NaarInterventional Molecular Imaging Laboratory (IMI), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
Thom van den EngInterventional Molecular Imaging Laboratory (IMI), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
Nikita A BouwInterventional Molecular Imaging Laboratory (IMI), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
Tessa BuckleInterventional Molecular Imaging Laboratory (IMI), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2980-6895
Fijs W B van LeeuwenInterventional Molecular Imaging Laboratory (IMI), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.

Funding

NWO-KIC KICH1.ST03.21.030NWO-TTW-VICI TTW BGT16141Research Foundation of Flanders Grant no. FWOS000922N
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundIndocyanine green (ICG) is a clinically approved fluorescent dye that is used for lesion identification during hepatobiliary surgery. However, the chemical structure of ICG seems to be suboptimal for this excretion-based diagnostic readout. In this study the effect of systematic structural variations in Cy5-analogs were evaluated to elucidate the structure-activity relationship between hepatic uptake and excretion.

methodsNine Cy5 dyes with variations in N-alkyl indole substitution (butyl sulfonate or methyl), and benzoannulation were synthesized in analogy to the ICG scaffold (Cy7.5-(SO3-)2). Photo-, bio- and chemical properties were analyzed and combined to identify structure-activity relationships using Spearman's correlation and multiparametric analysis.

resultsChemical modifications were shown to alter (photo)chemical properties and constituted in clear biological effects; Sulfonate substitution supports hepatic excretion, while benzoannulation promoted nonspecific background accumulation. Cy5-(SO3-)2, rather than the ICG-analog Cy5.5-(SO3-)2, was identified as lead.

conclusionsSystematic evaluation revealed key structural determinants that influence biliary excretion and allowed lead selection of dyes for hepatobiliary imaging. These insights provide a foundation for the rational design of optimized fluorescent agents for this application.

Indexed as

CarbocyaninesFluorescent DyesIndocyanine GreenLiverAnimalsHumansMolecular StructureStructure-Activity RelationshipCarbocyaninesFluorescent DyesIndocyanine Greenfluorescence imagingfluorescent dyehepatobiliary excretionimage‐guided surgeryliver surgery

Identifiers

PMID41996556
PMCPMC13089939

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.