ArticleCureus2026
Awareness of Diabetic Retinopathy Among Known Diabetics.
Article in Cureus, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Background and objective Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is the leading preventable cause of irreversible blindness in working-age adults worldwide. In Pakistan, with over 30 million people living with diabetes, specific patient awareness of DR as a distinct screenable complication remains poorly studied, particularly in urban tertiary care settings. The objective of this study is to determine the prevalence of specific DR awareness among known diabetic patients at the Pakistan Institute of Medical Sciences (PIMS), Islamabad, and to identify independent sociodemographic and clinical predictors using binary logistic regression. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted among 430 known diabetic patients (≥18 years) attending the outpatient departments of PIMS following IRB approval. An interviewer-administered, Urdu-translated, pilot-tested structured questionnaire was used. The primary outcome (primary outcome composite) defined specific DR awareness as correctly identifying DR, not cataract or glaucoma, as the primary ocular complication of diabetes. Bivariate associations were assessed by chi-square (Pearson or likelihood ratio as appropriate) and independent-samples t-tests. A binary logistic regression model identified independent predictors. Results Only 66 patients (15.3%) demonstrated specific DR awareness, despite 78.4% knowing that diabetes affects the eyes, a gap of 63.1 percentage points. Social media use was the sole independent predictor in the logistic regression (overall Wald χ² = 16.745, df = 4, P = 0.002): YouTube users OR = 3.31 (95% CI 1.44-7.62, P = 0.005); WhatsApp OR = 3.01 (95% CI 1.30-6.94, P = 0.010); and Facebook OR = 4.93 (95% CI 1.98-12.24, P = 0.001). Education showed borderline bivariate significance (likelihood ratio P = 0.047) but was not independently significant after adjustment (P = 0.477). Disease duration, gender, age, and HbA1c were all nonsignificant. Conclusions Specific DR awareness is critically low at 15.3%. Social media engagement is the only independent predictor identified. Targeted digital health campaigns delivering validated DR-specific education through YouTube, WhatsApp, and Facebook, combined with structured counseling at routine diabetic reviews, are urgently needed to bridge the awareness gap and prevent avoidable blindness.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.