ArticleCureus2026
Tissue Microarray Analysis Reveals Heterogeneous Expression of Talin-1 and Lactate Dehydrogenase A in Non-small Cell Lung Cancer: Implications for Biomarker Reliability.
Article in Cureus, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Background Tumour heterogeneity significantly impacts biomarker reliability in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), such as lactate dehydrogenase A (LDHA) and Talin-1, thus complicating the validation of their diagnostic utility. This study investigated their expression heterogeneity in tissue microarrays (TMAs) from 40 non-metastatic NSCLC cases (24 squamous cell carcinomas, 16 adenocarcinomas) and 10 normal lung tissues, using standardised immunohistochemistry. Methodology Formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded TMAs were stained with anti-LDHA and anti-Talin-1 antibodies. Cores were clustered based on their expression intensity, scored from 0 to 3 for intensity, and analysed against tumour grade/stage. A two-sided Pearson chi-square test was used to calculate the significance between normal and cancer tissue expression and to correlate the expression with the tumour grade/stage. Fisher's exact test was also considered when nodule counts were less than five. Results LDHA expression was significantly higher in adenocarcinoma (χ² = 20.30, p < 0.001) and squamous cell carcinoma (χ² = 28.34, p < 0.001) compared with normal lung tissue, with a heterogeneous expression pattern, although no association was observed with tumour stage, grade, or lymph node status. These findings suggest that its expression heterogeneity may contribute to the inconsistency in its reported diagnostic utility across studies for lung cancer diagnosis, highlighting the need for multiplexed biomarker panels to overcome limitations driven by heterogeneity. In contrast, Talin-1 expression was reduced in malignancy and did not demonstrate statistical significance in adenocarcinoma (χ² = 2.11, p = 0.146), squamous cell carcinoma (χ² = 0.01, p = 0.912), or NSCLC overall (χ² = 1.12, p = 0.289). Talin-1 expression also had a heterogeneous pattern with no correlation with the tumour clinicopathological parameters. Conclusions Our findings revealed significant heterogeneity in LDHA and Talin-1 expression across NSCLC subtypes, independent of tumour grade and stage. This observed variability supports the need for using multiplexed panels and patient-based rather than single-marker approaches for reliable clinical applications.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.