Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41994265›Full record

ArticleFrontiers in microbiology2026

Antimicrobial efficacy and cytotoxic assessment of plasma-activated water generated by a dielectric barrier discharge microbubble system.

Raquel Oliveira Ferreira, Danielle C F S Spigarollo, Iolanda Cristina Silveira Duarte, Elaine C de Oliveira, Nilson Cristino da Cruz

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In one paragraph

Article in Frontiers in microbiology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

5 authors.

Raquel Oliveira FerreiraLaboratory of Technological Plasma, Institute of Science and Technology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Sorocaba, São Paulo, Brazil.
Danielle C F S SpigarolloLaboratory of Technological Plasma, Institute of Science and Technology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Sorocaba, São Paulo, Brazil.
Iolanda Cristina Silveira DuarteLaboratory of Applied Microbiology, Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar), Sorocaba, São Paulo, Brazil.
Elaine C de OliveiraLaboratory of Neuroscience, University of Campinas (Unicamp), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.
Nilson Cristino da CruzLaboratory of Technological Plasma, Institute of Science and Technology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Sorocaba, São Paulo, Brazil.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

The growing threat of antimicrobial resistance has intensified the search for alternative disinfection strategies. Plasma-activated water (PAW), enriched with reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS), has emerged as a promising non-antibiotic antimicrobial approach. In this study, PAW was generated using a bench-scale dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) reactor coupled with a microbubble diffusion system, operating with compressed ambient air at 8-9 kV, frequencies of 40 kHz, 1.25 W, air flow rate of 5 L/min with activation times of 7 and 14 min. In the generated PAW, ROS were produced in higher abundance than RNS, with hydrogen peroxide (H

Indexed as

antimicrobial activitycold atmospheric plasmacytotoxicityDBD plasmamicrobubble diffusionphysicochemical characterizationplasma-activated waterreactive species

Identifiers

PMID41994265
PMCPMC13079628

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.