ArticleFrontiers in psychology2026
Development and validation of a flow state scale for healthcare professionals.
Article in Frontiers in psychology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Purpose: Nowadays, healthcare workers generally face mental health risks such as occupational burnout, depression, and low job satisfaction, which negatively affect both their physical and mental well-being as well as organizational performance. Flow, as a positive internal motivational state, may help address these challenges. Therefore, this study aimed to develop and validate a flow state scale suitable for healthcare professionals offering a scientific and useful instrument for evaluating flow experience among healthcare workers. Methods: An initial item pool was generated based on a literature review, existing scales, and the specific nature of healthcare work. The items were then translated and back-translated by bilingual experts (Chinese and English) to ensure linguistic and conceptual equivalence. We refined the items through a two-round Delphi expert consultation ( Results: The flow state scale for healthcare professionals includes 15 items measuring four dimensions of the flow experience: concentration and directional feedback, intrinsic empowerment and control, transformation of time, and loss of self-consciousness. The scale showed high internal consistency (Cronbach's Conclusion: The flow state scale for healthcare professionals has good reliability and validity. It can serve as an effective tool for assessing the flow state among healthcare professionals and provides a valuable reference for healthcare institutions in management practices such as personnel motivation, burnout intervention, performance management, and further service quality improvement.
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