ArticleFrontiers in immunology2026
Both lipopolysaccharide and vehicle treatments upregulate complement-dependent and complement-independent innate immune responses in Diamond-backed Watersnakes (Squamata:
Article in Frontiers in immunology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Introduction: The innate immune response is complex and highly context dependent. In reptiles, relatively little information is available regarding how individual innate immune components interact and change over the course of an immune response. Methods: We characterized innate immune responses of Diamond-backed Watersnakes ( Results: There was an effect of handling on the immune activity of the fresh serum+BL (leukocyte-dependent responses and proteins) as snakes across treatments showed increased response to Discussion: Our findings demonstrated the importance of including both vehicle saline injection and handling-only control groups in manipulative studies as the patterns for these two groups differed. This study describes the response of multiple metrics of innate immunity to different immune challenges over a 72-hour period, which provides novel insight into the immune response of a poorly understood taxon. Overall, this study provides evidence that non-antigenic saline vehicle injections stimulate an immune response and that leukocyte-dependent and complement responses are time-specific following an immune challenge.
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