SynthesisCNS neuroscience & therapeutics2026
Chronic Cerebral Hypoxia and Cognitive Impairment: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Based on Chronic Mountain Sickness, Anemia, Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, and Obstructive Sleep Apnea.
Synthesis in CNS neuroscience & therapeutics, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
3 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Chronic Cerebral Hypoxia and Cognitive Impairment: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Based on Chronic Mountain Sickness, Anemia, Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, and Obstructive Sleep Apnea.CNS neuroscience & therapeutics · 2026Pooled it
- Anemia and hemoglobin thresholds of 12.5 and 13.0 g/dL are associated with distinct cardiovascular and all-cause mortality risks in COPD.International journal of cardiology. Cardiovascular risk and prevention · 2026Article
- Nocturnal Hypoxemia and Airway Phenotype in Adults with Cancer: An Exploratory Case-Control Study.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundChronic hypoxia, a key pathological feature of chronic mountain sickness (CMS), anemia, Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD), and Obstructive Sleep Apnoea (OSA), impairs cognitive function; however, their association strength, shared mechanisms, and disease-specific differences remain unsystematized, hindering early interventions.
objectiveThis study aimed to quantify these via a systematic review and meta-analysis to clarify the deficits and mechanisms for clinical guidance.
methodsWe searched PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, and Cochrane Library for relevant studies, assessed the quality using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale, and analyzed the data using Stata 18.0.
resultsForty-one studies involving 18 countries, 369, 619 participants (5 on CMS, 8 on anemia, 11 on OSA, and 17 on COPD) demonstrated that all four diseases were associated with an increased risk of cognitive impairment, with OR ranging from 1.370 to 6.892. In dichotomous analyses, anemia was epidemiologically linked to elevated cognitive impairment risk but showed nonsignificant, heterogeneous effects on continuous cognitive scores and no associations with specific cognitive domains, indicating its impact is moderated by population traits and measurement approaches. The other three diseases impaired global and domain-specific cognition with SMD ranging from -0.6352 to -0.2000, each with unique deficit profiles. Notably, correction for publication bias eliminated the statistical significance of the overall pooled OR for cognitive impairment risk.
conclusionHypoxia is the core shared mechanism linking these four diseases to cognitive impairment, involving mitochondrial dysfunction and neuroinflammation, with additional modulation by genetic and adaptive factors. However, current evidence is limited by publication bias and inconsistent findings (e.g., for anemia). These conclusions must be interpreted with extreme caution, and high-quality longitudinal studies are needed to confirm causality.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.