ArticleAmerican journal of men's health
Unmasking Masculinity: Biological, Behavioral, and Social Determinants of Testosterone Deficiency in U.S. Men, 2011-2023.
Article in American journal of men's health. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Testosterone deficiency in men is often attributed to aging or biology, yet hormone levels also reflect social determinants of health (SoDH) and masculinity-related stressors. This study applied the Healthy People 2030 SoDH framework to examine biological, behavioral, and social predictors of testosterone deficiency in U.S. men. Data were analyzed from four National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) cycles (2011-2016 and 2021-2023), including 10,357 men aged ≥18 years with valid total testosterone measurements. Men reporting exogenous testosterone therapy were excluded. Testosterone deficiency was defined as total serum testosterone <300 ng/dL. Survey-weighted, age-adjusted multivariable logistic regression models examined biological, behavioral, and SoDH domains. Testosterone deficiency prevalence was 25.7%, declining from 28.1% in 2011-2012% to 20.3% in 2021-2023 (
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