Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41992096›Full record

ArticleBMC microbiology2026

Role of TNF-α genetic variants in coinfection with Helicobacter pylori and the Entamoeba complex: a cross-sectional study.

Asmaa Ibrahim, Moamen A I Mazen, Doaa Eltaweel, Soha Mahmoud Abd El Salam, Abeer Abdelkader, Rasha Elgamal, Maysa I Farghly, Mohamed W Saleh, Tarek Mostafa Ibrahim Mohamed AbdElRahim, Hany Gamal Abozaid Metwaly and 3 more

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Article in BMC microbiology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

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0citing papers in PubMed
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1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

13 authors.

Asmaa IbrahimDepartment of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Sadat City, El Sadat City, Egypt. chemistasmaain@gmail.com.ORCID 0000-0001-8119-9549
Moamen A I MazenDepartment of Medical Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Assiut, Egypt.
Doaa EltaweelLecture of Medical Microbiology and Immunology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt.
Soha Mahmoud Abd El SalamDepartment of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Suez University, Suez, Egypt.
Abeer AbdelkaderLecturer of Medical Biochemistry&Molecular Biology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt.
Rasha ElgamalClinical Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Suez University, Suez, Egypt.
Maysa I FarghlyClinical Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Suez University, Suez, Egypt.
Mohamed W SalehLecturer of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Suez University, Suez, Egypt.
Tarek Mostafa Ibrahim Mohamed AbdElRahimLecturer of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Suez University, Suez, Egypt.
Hany Gamal Abozaid MetwalyLecturer of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Assiut, Egypt.
Eman Hany ElsebaiePublic Health and Community Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt.
Mohamed MedhatLecturer of Infectious Diseases, Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Suez University, Suez, Egypt.
Manar Ezzelarab RamadanDepartment of Medical Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Suez University, P.O. Box:43221, Suez, Egypt.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundHelicobacter pylori and Entamoeba histolytica are among the most common gastrointestinal pathogens worldwide, particularly in developing countries where sanitation conditions favor transmission. Co-infection by these organisms may influence disease manifestation and host immune response. This study aimed to determine the prevalence and molecular characterization of Entamoeba species and Helicobacter pylori among patients with gastrointestinal symptoms attending Kasr El-Aini hospital. It also investigated the association of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) gene polymorphisms at positions − 1031 T/C and − 308G/A with susceptibility or protection against these infections.

resultsA total of 372 stool samples were collected and classified into four groups: Helicobacter pylori-only, Entamoeba-only, co-infected, and control. Controls were recruited from the same clinical setting and confirmed negative for both Helicobacter pylori and Entamoeba histolytica by molecular assays. Microscopic examination was first performed for parasitic detection, followed by DNA extraction and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for species identification of Entamoeba dispar, Entamoeba moshkovskii, Entamoeba histolytica, and Helicobacter pylori. Among 93 samples positive for the Entamoeba complex, Entamoeba moshkovskii was the predominant species (53.8%), followed by Entamoeba. dispar (29.0%) and Entamoeba histolytica (17.2%). Mixed infections were observed in 19 cases. Sociodemographic factors, including age, sex, residence, water source, and animal contact, were significantly associated with the presence of Entamoeba species. Among 93 Helicobacter pylori-positive participants, 44.1% carried the cytotoxin-associated gene A (CagA) virulence factor. Sex and tap water consumption showed significant associations with Helicobacter pylori infection and co-infection. Genotyping analysis revealed that the TNF-α − 1031 T/C TT genotype and T allele were more frequent in healthy controls, suggesting a protective role, while no significant difference was observed for the − 308G/A polymorphism.

conclusionsThis study highlights a notable prevalence of Entamoeba moshkovskii among the Entamoeba complex and a considerable rate of co-infection with Helicobacter pylori. Environmental and host factors, particularly water source and sex, play important roles in infection dynamics. The TNF-α − 1031C allele appears to confer protection against gastrointestinal infection. These findings emphasize the need for improved diagnostic screening and public health measures to limit transmission and co-infection in endemic areas.

Indexed as

CoinfectionEntamoebaEntamoebiasisHelicobacter InfectionsHelicobacter pyloriTumor Necrosis Factor-alphaAdultCross-Sectional StudiesFecesFemaleGenetic VariationHumansMaleMiddle AgedPrevalenceYoung AdultTumor Necrosis Factor-alphaCo-infectionE. complexH. pyloriMolecular identificationTNF-α gene polymorphism

Identifiers

PMID41992096
PMCPMC13088695

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.