ArticleNeurological sciences : official journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology2026
Gender differences in non-motor symptoms in Parkinson's disease: a multicenter longitudinal study.
Article in Neurological sciences : official journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
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1 citing paper in PubMed.
- Pain and sensory abnormalities in prodromal and early Parkinson's disease: mechanisms, assessment, and clinical implications.Frontiers in pain research (Lausanne, Switzerland) · 2026Review
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44 authors.
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Abstract
backgroundNon-motor symptoms (NMSs) are highly prevalent in Parkinson’s disease (PD) and affect patients’ quality of life. Data on gender differences in NMSs are largely cross-sectional and derived from chronically treated populations. Longitudinal evidence in early, levodopa-naïve PD patients remains limited. This study aims to longitudinally investigate gender differences in a wide range of NMSs in early-stage levodopa-naïve PD patients during the first 2 years following levodopa initiation.
methodsThis multicenter, prospective study enrolled 216 levodopa-naïve PD patients (139 men, 77 women) from 17 Italian movement disorder centers. Patients were evaluated at baseline and after 24 months (24 M) using validated scales. Baseline gender differences were explored using group comparisons. Gender effects at 24 M were examined using ANCOVA models adjusted for baseline values and levodopa dose at follow-up.
resultsAt baseline, women showed greater cardiovascular and thermoregulatory autonomic dysfunction, higher anxiety, pain, fatigue, and worse quality of life, whereas men exhibited greater sexual dysfunction, daytime sleepiness, and better attentional performance. At the 24 M, gender differences persisted only for anxiety, pain, mobility, and emotional well-being, while additional significant differences emerged, including hypersexuality, visuo- spatial domain, and orthostatic-hypotension. Women exhibited greater symptom severity than men across all aforementioned variables, with the exception of hypersexuality.
conclusionsGender significantly influences the expression and early evolution of NMSs in PD, independently of levodopa exposure. Gender-specific NMSs profiles are already evident in the first two years of treatment. These findings highlight the importance of integrating gender considerations into early assessment and personalized management of NMSs in PD.
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