SynthesisClinical drug investigation2026
Efficacy and Safety of Topical Anticholinergics in the Treatment of Primary Axillary Hyperhidrosis: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.
Synthesis in Clinical drug investigation, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundTopical anticholinergic agents are non-invasive treatment options for primary axillary hyperhidrosis (PAH). Sofpironium bromide was recently approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA). A comprehensive evaluation of the efficacy and safety of available topical anticholinergics may inform clinical practice.
objectivesTo assess the efficacy and safety of topical anticholinergic therapies for PAH through systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs).
methodsFive databases were searched on September 9, 2024. Primary outcomes included a ≥2-point improvement in the Hyperhidrosis Disease Severity Scale (HDSS) and ≥50% reduction in gravimetric sweat production (GSP). Secondary outcomes included subjective symptom improvement and objective sweat reduction. Safety outcomes included treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs), anticholinergic-related adverse events, and local application site reactions. The review protocol was registered in PROSPERO (CRD42024583376).
resultsEight RCTs (n = 1921) that evaluated glycopyrronium, sofpironium bromide, and umeclidinium were included. Topical agents significantly outperformed placebos for HDSS ≥2-point improvement (risk ratio [RR]: 2.40; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.01-2.86) and GSP ≥50% reduction (RR: 1.43; 95% CI: 1.21-1.70). Sofpironium was the most effective HDSS treatment, whereas glycopyrronium showed highest efficacy against GSP. Topical agents were associated with increased risk of TEAEs (RR: 1.43; 95% CI: 1.14-1.79), with sofpironium associated with highest risk of dry mouth and glycopyrronium with highest risks for mydriasis and constipation.
conclusionsTopical anticholinergic agents are effective for PAH treatment, with distinct efficacy and safety profiles. Although the available evidence is limited by the small number of trials, short follow-up durations, and heterogeneity in outcome reporting, these findings support the role of topical anticholinergic therapy as an effective non-invasive option for PAH.
Indexed as
Identifiers
41989535What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.