Maternal Bisphenol S Exposure Impairs Testicular Development and Sperm Function in Male Offspring by Disrupting the Immune-Endocrine Network.

Bin Li, Yuchai Tian, Xiaoyun Wu, Zhihua Gong, Xiaomin Liang, Jiyue Zhang, Yangcheng Hu, Xiaotong Ji, Huifeng Yue

Abstract read

In one paragraph

Article in Small (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany), 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it

0cells of the map it votes in

0citing papers in PubMed

–field-weighted citation impact

1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

9 authors.

Bin LiShanxi Key Laboratory of Coal-based Emerging Pollutant Identification and Risk Control, Research Center of Environment and Health, College of Environment and Resource, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China.

Yuchai TianShanxi Key Laboratory of Coal-based Emerging Pollutant Identification and Risk Control, Research Center of Environment and Health, College of Environment and Resource, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China.

Xiaoyun WuShanxi Key Laboratory of Coal-based Emerging Pollutant Identification and Risk Control, Research Center of Environment and Health, College of Environment and Resource, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China.

Zhihua GongDepartment of Clinical Laboratory, Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Tongji Shanxi Hospital, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China.

Xiaomin LiangShanxi Key Laboratory of Coal-based Emerging Pollutant Identification and Risk Control, Research Center of Environment and Health, College of Environment and Resource, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China.

Jiyue ZhangShanxi Key Laboratory of Coal-based Emerging Pollutant Identification and Risk Control, Research Center of Environment and Health, College of Environment and Resource, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China.

Yangcheng HuShanxi Key Laboratory of Coal-based Emerging Pollutant Identification and Risk Control, Research Center of Environment and Health, College of Environment and Resource, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China.

Xiaotong JiDepartment of Environmental Health School of Public Health, Center for Ecological Public Health Security of Yellow River Basin, Shanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Health Impairment and Prevention, MOE Key Laboratory of Coal Environmental Pathogenicity and Prevention, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9949-8886

Huifeng YueShanxi Key Laboratory of Coal-based Emerging Pollutant Identification and Risk Control, Research Center of Environment and Health, College of Environment and Resource, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9862-0448

Funding

Fundamental Research Program of Shanxi Province 202303021224004National Science Foundation of China 22476120National Science Foundation of China 22522607National Science Foundation of China U23A20103

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Bisphenol S (BPS), a widely used substitute for bisphenol A, is an environmental contaminant with endocrine-disrupting properties. However, the transgenerational impact of maternal BPS exposure during gestation on male offspring reproductive health and the underlying molecular mechanisms remains unknown. This study shows that gestational exposure of mice to environmentally relevant concentrations of BPS (3, 30, and 300 µg/kg) dose- and time-dependently impairs testicular development and sperm function in male offspring. Integrated transcriptomic, physiological, and molecular analyses revealed that maternal BPS exposure remodeled the testicular transcriptome and disrupted the immune-endocrine crosstalk within the testis. This disruption was characterized by the aberrant activation of immune and inflammatory pathways, including antigen presentation, concomitant suppression of steroidogenic and metabolic processes, and induction of the renin-angiotensin system. Deconvolution analysis identified loss of Leydig cells and increased Tcell infiltration, and quantitative realtime PCR validated the dysregulation of key hub genes such as Ren1, H2-D1, Naip6, Tlr1, H2-M3, Pycard, B2m, H2-Aa, Naip1, and Cd74. Notably, western blotting revealed that HLA-DPB1, a key component of the antigen presentation pathway, was significantly downregulated at the protein level in testicular tissues. Immunofluorescence co-localization with cell-specific markers defined the precise cellular localization in the testis. Collectively, these multilevel disruptions resulted in impaired seminiferous epithelial cyclicity, enhanced interstitial collagen deposition in the testes, and severe deficits in sperm motility. Our findings reveal a novel transgenerational mechanism underlying BPS-induced testicular injury and provide robust experimental evidence of the reproductive toxicity of environmentally relevant BPS in male offspring.

Indexed as

Maternal ExposurePhenolsSpermatozoaSulfonesTestisAnimalsBisphenol S CompoundsEndocrine DisruptorsFemaleMaleMiceMice, Inbred C57BLPregnancyPrenatal Exposure Delayed Effectsbisphenol SBisphenol S CompoundsEndocrine DisruptorsPhenolsSulfonesBPSendocrine disruptionmale reproductive toxicitymaternal exposuretesticular immunology

Identifiers

PMID41988921

DOI10.1002/smll.202513075

PMCPMC13378671

What OpenQuestion holds

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Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.