ArticleJournal of thoracic disease2026
Global, regional, and national burden of chronic respiratory diseases among perimenopausal women, 1990-2021: an analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021.
Article in Journal of thoracic disease, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Background: Perimenopausal women face a range of health issues, yet there is a lack of systematic overview regarding their pulmonary health. We aimed to assess the burden, risk factors, and cross-country inequality of chronic respiratory diseases (CRDs) in perimenopausal women from 1990 to 2021. Methods: Based on the 2021 Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD), we assessed the age-standardized incidence rate (ASIR), prevalence rate (ASPR), mortality rate (ASMR), and disability-adjusted life year rate (ASDR) for CRDs (1990-2021). Trends were analyzed using Joinpoint regression, correlations with Pearson's method, and inequalities using the Slope Index of Inequality (SII) and the Concentration Index (CIX). Risk factors for CRDs were analyzed from exposure data. Results: In 2021, CRDs were responsible for 2.11 million new cases, resulting in 3.97 million disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) in perimenopausal women. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), with 1.1 (0.8-1.4) million incidence cases, had the highest ASIR and ASMR. With 14.1 (11.4-17.2) million prevalent cases, asthma had the highest prevalence among CRDs. The rates of interstitial lung disease and pulmonary sarcoidosis had slightly increased. The ASDRs of COPD, pneumoconiosis and asthma were negatively correlated with the socio-demographic index (SDI). There were significant health inequalities across 204 countries and territories. Particulate matter pollution is the greatest risk factor for CRDs. Conclusions: CRDs caused heavy burdens and deaths. Some risk factors (environmental pollution, high BMI and tobacco use) need to be urgently managed and improved, especially in areas with low and low-middle SDI levels. The correlation between elevated ASIR of ILD and pulmonary sarcoidosis and increasing of SDI needs to be given more attention.
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