ArticleACS ES&T engineering2026
Combined Locally Enhanced Electric Field Treatment and Copper for Effective Disinfection in a Circulating Water System.
Article in ACS ES&T engineering, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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6 authors.
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Abstract
Public concerns have increased regarding disinfection byproducts and respiratory health effects associated with chlorination in circulating recreational water environments such as swimming pools and hot tubs. Locally enhanced electric field treatment combined with copper (LEEFT-Cu) has emerged as a promising chlorine-free disinfection technology. However, its performance in circulating systems remains largely unexplored. In this study, a 10 L circulating system incorporating a LEEFT-Cu device was developed to evaluate its in-line disinfection performance. The effects of current and flow rate on microbial inactivation and copper accumulation were systematically investigated. The results revealed that current influenced both copper accumulation and bacterial inactivation in the reservoir, whereas flow rate primarily affected bacterial inactivation. Under the optimal condition (
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