Phosphorus leaching and runoff risks from non-calcareous sandy soils with a low sorption capacity and high hydrological connectivity.

Sustainable phosphorus (P) management includes producing food within environmental boundaries for water quality. In regions where environmental boundaries are crossed, it is beneficial to identify P loss hotspots and implement mitigation measures. In this study, we assessed the risk of P losses to shallow groundwater and surface water from agricultural fields on non-calcareous sandy soils with an exceptionally low P sorption capacity and high hydrological connectivity due to shallow groundwater levels and the presence of open trenches. Specifically, we investigated P quantity-intensity relationships in soils from two agricultural fields and monitored groundwater levels and P concentrations in both groundwater and water fluxes from open trenches. The results showed that non-calcareous soils with low sorption capacities reach high P saturation degrees when fertilized to an agronomic optimum based on a P quantity measure. This leads to high reactive P concentrations in soil solution that can be transported to surface water via interflow, overland flow, and land drainage. In these situations, open trenches are a significant P loss pathway because they directly connect the P-saturated topsoil to surface water, leading to P losses ranging from 1.3 to 7.5 kg P ha