Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41987210›Full record

ArticleBMC medicine2026

Mechanisms underlying immunodynamics of layered defenses elicited by mRNA vaccination in children.

Yiyu Liao, Hoong Kai Chua, Boon Kiat Law, Yuqian Wang, Franciszek Polak, Allyson N X Choi, Carina J X Tay, Hui'En Li, Lynette P Shek, Elizabeth Huiwen Tham and 2 more

Abstract read
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In one paragraph

Article in BMC medicine, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

12 authors.

Yiyu Liao *Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore.
Hoong Kai Chua *Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore.
Boon Kiat LawLee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore.
Yuqian WangLee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore.
Franciszek PolakLee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore.
Allyson N X ChoiDepartment of Pediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore (NUS), Singapore, Singapore.
Carina J X TayDepartment of Pediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore (NUS), Singapore, Singapore.
Hui'En LiDepartment of Pediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore (NUS), Singapore, Singapore.
Lynette P ShekDepartment of Pediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore (NUS), Singapore, Singapore.
Elizabeth Huiwen ThamDepartment of Pediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore (NUS), Singapore, Singapore.
Youjia ZhongDepartment of Pediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore (NUS), Singapore, Singapore. youjiazhong@nus.edu.sg.
Keisuke EjimaLee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore. keisuke.ejima@ntu.edu.sg.

Funding

Japan Science and Technology Corporation JPMJPR23R3Ministry of Education - Singapore RLMOE100201900000001National Medical Research Council TA24jan-0006National University of Singapore NUHSRO/2021/081/NUS Med/07/MARVELS
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundDefining the ever-evolving correlates of protection against symptomatic infection is critical in light of the widespread deployment of mRNA vaccines in children. Since immune maturation and exposure histories differ between children and adults, immune kinetics and correlates of protection identified in adult cohorts may not directly generalize to pediatric vaccine recipients.

methodsA prospective cohort of 5-12-year-old children (N = 70) was monitored longitudinally for 12 months after SARS-CoV-2 mRNA (BNT162b2) vaccination. Four immunological biomarkers were assessed: anti-Spike immunoglobulin G (anti-S IgG), neutralizing antibodies (nAbs), Spike-specific memory B cells (S

resultsSerological markers were best described by the exponential model, while S

conclusionsOur findings highlight the time-dependent nature of correlates of protection, emphasizing the need for employing mathematical models to reinforce the accuracy and reliability of clinical analysis so as to prevent overreliance on single-timepoint measurements of immune parameters.

Indexed as

COVID-19COVID-19 VaccinesSARS-CoV-2Antibodies, NeutralizingAntibodies, ViralBiomarkersBNT162 VaccineChildChild, PreschoolFemaleHumansImmunoglobulin GLongitudinal StudiesMaleMemory B CellsProspective StudiesAntibodies, NeutralizingAntibodies, ViralBiomarkersBNT162 VaccineCOVID-19 VaccinesImmunoglobulin GAntibodiesB cellBiomarkersChildrenImmunodynamicsMathematical modelingmRNA vaccineSurvival analysisT cell

Identifiers

PMID41987210
PMCPMC13196138

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.