ArticleInternational journal of retina and vitreous2026
Ocular pharmacokinetics of tivozanib eye drops in patients with neovascular age-related macular degeneration: comparison with phase 1 trials of oral tivozanib in solid tumors.
Article in International journal of retina and vitreous, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Intravitreal anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) therapy is the standard treatment for neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD) but is invasive and burdensome for patients. To overcome these obstacles, tivozanib, a pan-VEGF receptor inhibitor approved for renal cell carcinoma, is in development as eye drops. The phase 1 study of a 3-week administration of tivozanib eye drops showed a preferable safety profile and exploratory efficacy signs in Japanese patients with nAMD. During eye drop administration, two drug delivery pathways affect ocular pharmacokinetics, either directly through the ocular tissues or through systemic circulation. To assess the ocular pharmacokinetics of tivozanib eye drops, we conducted an integrated analysis of systemic adverse event occurrence and systemic exposure in patients with nAMD treated with tivozanib eye drops and in patients with cancer treated with oral tivozanib, using previous phase 1 study results. Systemic exposure was significantly lower with tivozanib eye drops versus oral tivozanib, with no drug-related hypertension due to the systemic pan-VEGF receptor inhibition observed, suggesting systemic VEGF receptors are not fully inhibited by tivozanib. Exploratory efficacy signs in patients with nAMD after short-term use of tivozanib eye drops also suggest tivozanib might reach the retina and inhibit VEGF receptors, although further long-term efficacy studies are warranted. Given the integrated analysis, we hypothesize that tivozanib eye drops could predominantly be delivered to the posterior eye segment through the ocular tissues, with limited contribution by the systemic drug delivery pathway. This hypothesis provides meaningful insights into the ocular pharmacokinetics of tivozanib eye drops.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.