Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41986738›Full record

ArticleNature medicine2026

Rapid expansion of genotype D1.1 A(H5N1) influenza viruses in wild birds across North America during the 2024 migratory season.

Walter N Harrington, Anthony Signore, Lisa Kercher, Jolene A Giacinti, Ahmed Kandeil, Christina A Ahlstrom, Sarah Bevins, Beate Crossley, Karlie Eure, Thomas P Fabrizio and 33 more

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Nature medicine, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
3citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

3 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Article
  2. Article
  3. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

43 authors.

Walter N Harrington *Department of Host-Microbe Interactions, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA.
Anthony Signore *National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0664-0864
Lisa Kercher *Department of Host-Microbe Interactions, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6300-0452
Jolene A GiacintiScience and Technology Branch, Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Burlington, Ontario, Canada.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4843-599X
Ahmed KandeilDepartment of Host-Microbe Interactions, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3253-6961
Christina A AhlstromAlaska Science Center, US Geological Survey, Anchorage, AK, USA.
Sarah BevinsWildlife Services, National Wildlife Disease Program, US Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Fort Collins, CO, USA.
Beate CrossleyCalifornia Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA.
Karlie EureDepartment of Host-Microbe Interactions, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA.
Thomas P FabrizioDepartment of Host-Microbe Interactions, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8960-0728
Trushar JeevanDepartment of Host-Microbe Interactions, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA.
Julianna LenochWildlife Services, National Wildlife Disease Program, US Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Fort Collins, CO, USA.
Jacqueline M NoltingDepartment of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
Daniel RejmanekCalifornia Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA.
David StallknechtSoutheastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.
Trent BollingerDepartment of Veterinary Pathology, Canadian Wildlife Health Cooperative, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada.
Evan J BuckAlaska Science Center, US Geological Survey, Anchorage, AK, USA.
Deborah CarterSoutheastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.
Bradley S CohenDepartment of Biology, Tennessee Technological University, Cookeville, TN, USA.
Krista E DilioneWildlife Services, National Wildlife Disease Program, US Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Fort Collins, CO, USA.
Jamie C FeddersenMigratory Gamebird Program, Tennessee Wildlife Resources Agency, Nashville, TN, USA.
John FranksDepartment of Host-Microbe Interactions, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA.
Dayna GoldsmithCanadian Wildlife Health Cooperative, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
Cory J HighwayDepartment of Biology, Tennessee Technological University, Cookeville, TN, USA.
Chelsea HimsworthVeterinary Science and Diagnostics, Animal Health Centre, British Columbia Ministry of Agriculture, Abbotsford, British Columbia, Canada.
Lydia P HolmesDepartment of Biology, Tennessee Technological University, Cookeville, TN, USA.
Claire JardineCanadian Wildlife Health Cooperative, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada.
Mohammad Jawad JahidDepartment of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
Paul LinkLouisiana Department of Wildlife and Fisheries, Baton Rouge, LA, USA.
Lance MillerDepartment of Host-Microbe Interactions, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8497-5571
Nicole M NemethSoutheastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5931-175X
Madison OwsianyDepartment of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
Margo PybusAlberta Environment and Parks, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
Laura C ScottAlaska Science Center, US Geological Survey, Anchorage, AK, USA.
Christopher SharpOntario Region Wildlife and Habitat Assessment Section, Canadian Wildlife Service, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
Lauren SmithDepartment of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
Nathan J SteelmanDepartment of Biology, Tennessee Technological University, Cookeville, TN, USA.
Brian StevensCanadian Wildlife Health Cooperative, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8323-6865
Yohannes BerhaneNational Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada. Yohannes.Berhane@inspection.gc.ca.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5958-3525
Mia TorchettiNational Veterinary Services Laboratories, US Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, USA. NVSL.DVL.Inquire@USDA.gov.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2649-0146
Andrew M RameyAlaska Science Center, US Geological Survey, Anchorage, AK, USA. aramey@usgs.gov.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3601-8400
Rebecca PoulsonSoutheastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA. rpoulson@uga.edu.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8087-3295
Richard J WebbyDepartment of Host-Microbe Interactions, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA. Richard.Webby@stjude.org.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4397-7132

Funding

NIAID Centers of Excellence for Influenza Research and Response: Universal Influenza Vaccine Research Activities75N93021C00016 · NIAID · ST. JUDE CHILDREN'S RESEARCH HOSPITAL · PI WEBBY, RICHARD · 2021 to 2025
$91.4M
NIAID NIH HHS 75N93021C00016ODCDC CDC HHS 75N93021C00016
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

In late 2021, high pathogenicity avian influenza A(H5N1) clade 2.3.4.4b viruses entered North America and reassorted rapidly with local avian influenza viruses. In September 2024, we detected a new reassortant later classified as genotype D1.1. Using active and passive avian influenza surveillance across Canada and the USA, we tracked the emergence and rapid spread of D1.1 viruses in wild birds during the 2024 fall migration. Phylodynamic analysis showed that D1.1 viruses formed a monophyletic group and displaced earlier A(H5) genotypes across several flyways. Their expansion coincided with detections in other hosts, including 17 human cases, 4 of which were severe or fatal. None of the mammalian-adaptive markers detected in human cases were found in wild bird viruses, and candidate vaccine viruses retained antigenic cross-reactivity with D1.1 strains.

Indexed as

Animal MigrationBirdsInfluenza A Virus, H5N1 SubtypeInfluenza in BirdsAnimalsAnimals, WildCanadaGenotypeHumansInfluenza, HumanNorth AmericaPhylogenyReassortant VirusesSeasonsUnited States

Identifiers

PMID41986738
PMCPMC13190327

What OpenQuestion holds

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.