Wildland fire smoke and birth defects in California.

backgroundBirth defects are a leading cause of infant mortality and an important contributor to childhood and adult morbidity. Major structural birth defects are diagnosed in 2 to 4% of infants in the United States. Environmental contaminants, including air pollution, have been suggested as potential risk factors for these anomalies.

objectiveThis study investigates the association between wildfire smoke exposure, specifically fine particulate matter (PM

methodsData were collected from participants in the California Center of the National Birth Defects Prevention Study and the Birth Defects Study to Evaluate Pregnancy exposureS from 2000 to 2018. The study included 3005 participants, comprising livebirths, stillbirths, and pregnancy terminations. Wildfire smoke exposure was assessed using two estimates: fire density PM

resultsIncreased risk for several birth defects was observed with higher quartiles of wildfire smoke exposure. Notably, the third quartile of average fire density PM SIGNIFICANCE: Exposure to wildfire smoke during the first 8 weeks of pregnancy may contribute to the occurrence of certain structural birth defects in California's San Joaquin Valley. These results highlight the need for further research to corroborate these findings and to understand the mechanisms underlying these associations. IMPACT STATEMENT: This study examines the association between wildfire smoke exposure in California and risk of several structural birth defects. We found associations between wildfire smoke exposure during the first 8 weeks of pregnancy and increased risk of cleft lip, coarctation of the aorta and spina bifida. The association between wildfire smoke and spina bifida is consistent with prior research findings similar to those of air pollution from other sources, primarily traffic, in California.