ArticleBehavior modification2026
Factors Associated With Restraint Application in Children and Adolescents With Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Displaying Severe Challenging Behavior.
Article in Behavior modification, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
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Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed.
- Authorized Seclusion, Restraint, and Safeguards in Home and Community Based Medicaid Programs for Children With Serious Emotional Disturbance.Community mental health journal · 2026Article
- A Clinical Demonstration of Individualized Restraint Fading.Behavior analysis in practice · 2026Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Emergency physical restraints may still be widely used, with prevalence rates ranging from 11% to 78% across different service sectors (Fitton & Jones, 2020). At times, behavior analysts may recommend restraint when severe challenging behavior poses significant safety risks (e.g., intense aggression causing severe tissue damage; Foxx & Meindl, 2007; Vollmer et al., 2011). Most existing physical restraint literature featuring child and adolescent participants focuses on variables that behavior-analytic interventions do not manipulate (e.g., sex, diagnosis). Additionally, this literature most often features inpatient clinical populations with psychiatric conditions as opposed to those with intellectual and developmental disabilities. The current study applied a multi-level analysis informed by retrospective outpatient data (
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