Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41984344›Full record

SynthesisOphthalmic & physiological optics : the journal of the British College of Ophthalmic Opticians (Optometrists)2026

The Efficacy of Oral Vitamin Supplementation in Dry Eye Disease: A Systematic Review.

Hamidreza Heidari, Maria Markoulli, Jayashree Arcot, Asgar Doostdar, Azadeh Tavakoli

Erratum issuedAbstract readSystematic Review
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Synthesis in Ophthalmic & physiological optics : the journal of the British College of Ophthalmic Opticians (Optometrists), 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Review
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

5 authors.

Hamidreza HeidariSchool of Optometry and Vision Science, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, New South Wales, Australia. H.heidari@unsw.edu.au.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3381-2278
Maria MarkoulliSchool of Optometry and Vision Science, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, New South Wales, Australia.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9227-5866
Jayashree ArcotFood and Health group, School of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, New South Wales, Australia.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4254-7288
Asgar DoostdarDepartment of Optometry, School of Rehabilitation Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7370-5437
Azadeh TavakoliSchool of Optometry and Vision Science, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, New South Wales, Australia.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

introductionVitamins are micronutrients with a wide range of anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, regulatory and antioxidant properties. Several studies have shown that vitamins play a crucial role in the homoeostasis of the ocular surface. Deficiency of certain vitamins might be associated with the severity and incidence of dry eye disease.

methodThis paper reviewed the current evidence on the effect of oral vitamin supplementation on signs and symptoms of dry eye disease. The literature review was conducted in five English archive databases (Pubmed, Cochrane, Embase Ovid, Web of Science and Scopus) from April 2024 to January 2025, following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines (Prospero CRD42024629589). Eligibility criteria included studies that reported the Schirmer test, tear film break-up time, corneal fluorescein staining scores, lid hyperaemia, the ocular surface disease index and visual analogue pain scale.

resultsA total of 13 eligible studies, which included vitamins A, B1, B12 and D, were assessed by two independent reviewers for quality and data extraction. Of these, most investigated the efficacy of vitamin D (61.5%), vitamin A (23%) and a mix of vitamin B1 and mecobalamin (15.5%). No studies reported on the efficacy of vitamin C supplementation, and none were judged to be of high quality.

conclusionThe available evidence is limited due to not being well-controlled or adequately powered, having a very short follow-up duration and variable dosage of supplementation.

Indexed as

Dietary SupplementsDry Eye SyndromesVitaminsAdministration, OralHumansVitaminsDry eye diseaseOcular surface diseaseVitamin AVitamin B12Vitamin CVitamin D

Identifiers

PMID41984344
PMCPMC13369572

What OpenQuestion holds

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.