Trial reportScandinavian journal of medicine & science in sports2026
Effects of Alternating Mild-Cold and Hot Water Immersion on Lower-Leg Blood Flow Following Immersion in Healthy Young Adults.
Trial report in Scandinavian journal of medicine & science in sports, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
- Effects of moxibustion aroma stimulation and lower-limb warm stimulation on blood pressure and cerebral hemodynamics: a pilot randomized trial.Frontiers in physiology · 2026Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Shear stress-mediated increases in blood flow are key physiological stimuli that regulate vascular endothelial function. This study assessed whether alternating lower-leg immersion in mild-cold (25°C) and hot water (42°C), with longer durations and repeated cycles, induces greater increases in post-immersion blood flow. Sixteen healthy adults (11 males, 5 females; age, 23 ± 6 years) completed four randomized trials involving unilateral immersion of the left lower leg in mild-cold and hot water: 3 min each ×2 (3CH2), 6 min each ×1 (6CH1), 3 min each ×4 (3CH4), and 6 min each ×2 (6CH2). After immersion, skin blood flow (SkBF) was significantly higher in 6CH2 than that in 3CH2 (p < 0.05), and popliteal artery (PA) blood flow was higher in 6CH2 than that in all other trials (p < 0.05), with significant time × trial interactions (p < 0.001). The area under the curve (AUC) for post-immersion SkBF was higher in 6CH2 than that in 3CH2 (p < 0.05), and PA AUC was greater in 6CH2 than that in all other trials (p < 0.05). Core temperature remained unchanged, and cardiovascular variables exhibited only minor changes within the resting physiological range across all trials. Therefore, alternating mild-cold and hot water immersions with longer and repeated cycles significantly increased lower-leg blood flow following immersion. This strategy may represent a safe and well-tolerated local thermal intervention for increasing peripheral circulation, including in individuals unable to engage in exercise or tolerate whole-body heating.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.