ArticleFrontiers in psychiatry2026
Peripheral complement C3 and C4 are associated with clinical features of schizophrenia.
Article in Frontiers in psychiatry, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Aim: Schizophrenia is a severe psychiatric disorder with heterogeneous outcomes; factors such as anxiety, childhood trauma, and duration of untreated psychosis (DUP) may influence symptom severity and disease progression. Growing evidence highlights immune dysregulation-particularly alterations in complement components C3 and C4-in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia; however, findings regarding peripheral complement levels and their clinical associations remain inconsistent. Method: Thirty-nine patients with schizophrenia underwent clinical assessment using the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ), the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS), the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), and the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA). Serum concentrations of C3 and C4 were measured at admission. Results: In exploratory analyses (nominal p-values), baseline C3 correlated with DUP (r=0.407, p=0.010) and length of hospitalization (r=0.353, p=0.028). Higher C3 was associated with greater symptom severity on PANSS-P Conclusion: These exploratory, within-cohort findings suggest that peripheral complement markers relate to variation in clinical severity and illness-course indicators in schizophrenia. Replication in larger, controlled longitudinal studies is warranted.
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