ReviewInternational journal of nanomedicine2026
Engineering Extracellular Vesicles for Tumor Targeted Therapy: Source Optimization, Modification, and Clinical Application.
Review in International journal of nanomedicine, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed.
- Engineering Biomimetic 3D Microenvironments for Extracellular Vesicle Programming Toward Clinical Translation.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Extracellular Vesicles in Diffuse Midline Glioma: Emerging Mediators of Radiation Response and Therapeutic Resistance.Cancers · 2026Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
9 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Cancer remains a leading cause of global morbidity and mortality, yet conventional therapies, including surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy, are often limited by invasiveness, systemic toxicity, and drug resistance. In this context, extracellular vesicles (EVs) have emerged as a promising cell-free nanotherapeutic platform. As endogenous nanocarriers, EVs enable precise, targeted delivery of diverse bioactive cargoes (eg, nucleic acids, chemotherapeutics, immunomodulators) to tumor tissues, thereby enhancing therapeutic efficacy while minimizing off-target effects, which is the key advantages for their application in tumor targeted therapy. This review systematically summarizes the characteristics of animal-derived and plant-derived EVs and highlights their translational applications in multiple cancers via immune activation, targeted delivery, tumor microenvironment remodeling, and anti-angiogenesis. We further introduce advanced bioengineering strategies for EV modification to optimize cargo loading, targeting specificity, and in vivo stability, particularly frontier innovations such as artificial intelligence-assisted design and microfluidic manufacturing that improve the precision, controllability, and scalability of engineered EVs. Compared to synthetic nanocarriers, EVs exhibit unique advantages, including excellent biocompatibility, low immunogenicity, and superior ability to cross biological barriers. However, the clinical application of EV-based therapies faces notable challenges, including EV heterogeneity, scalability of production, standardization of characterization methods, cargo loading efficiency, and long-term safety concerns. This review emphasizes the transformative potential of engineered EVs in advancing tumor targeted therapy and improving outcomes for patients with refractory or metastatic tumors.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.