SynthesisBJOG : an international journal of obstetrics and gynaecology2026
Integrating Social and Clinical Determinants of Pre-Eclampsia: A Hierarchical Systematic Review and Conceptual Framework for Prevention.
Synthesis in BJOG : an international journal of obstetrics and gynaecology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed.
- Determinants of Pre-Eclampsia: Advancing a Conceptual Framework.BJOG : an international journal of obstetrics and gynaecology · 2026Article
- Standardised Methods for Developing Conceptual Frameworks for Placental Disorders of Pregnancy: Pre-Eclampsia and Stillbirth.BJOG : an international journal of obstetrics and gynaecology · 2026Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
15 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundPre-eclampsia is a leading cause of maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality, with risk factors reported across a vast literature base fragmented between social and clinical factors.
objectiveTo develop a comprehensive conceptual framework of the strongest risk factors and their relationships contributing to pre-eclampsia incidence. SEARCH STRATEGY: Medline, Embase, Health Technology Assessments and Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effects, Cochrane Library were searched. SELECTION CRITERIA: Reviews, randomized controlled trials and cohort studies (> 1000 participants), reporting social and clinical factors associated with pre-eclampsia were included. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: The strongest factors, defined as those with at least moderate strength of association and quality of evidence using GRADE, were compiled from our previously published individual frameworks to create a combined conceptual framework. Indirect associations were searched and the strongest indirect factors were added. MAIN
resultsThe conceptual framework integrated 35 social and clinical determinants of pre-eclampsia. Key modifiable factors included BMI, interlinked with chronic hypertension/elevated blood pressure in early pregnancy, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and obstructive sleep apnoea, as well as antenatal care attendance, interconnected with maternal/work stress and prenatal micronutrient supplementation. Other modifiable factors included smoking, antiphospholipid syndrome, infection, exposure to occupational hazards, distance to health facility, maternal heat exposure in early gestation, and UV-B exposure.
conclusionThere are strong social factors alongside clinical factors associated with pre-eclampsia incidence. Interwoven relationships between factors highlight the multifactorial aetiology of pre-eclampsia. Many determinants were potentially modifiable, which provides actionable intervention points for clinical care and public health strategies.
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