Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41981661›Full record

ArticleBioData mining2026

CRM-TI: an enhanced pipeline for computationally assigning the target genes of cis-regulatory modules by considering comprehensive long-range regulation mechanisms.

Yu-Huai Yu, Guan-Liang He, Tzu-Hsien Yang

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Article in BioData mining, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

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5 · Who and what money

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3 authors.

Yu-Huai Yu *Department of Biomedical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, University Road, Tainan, 701, Taiwan.
Guan-Liang He *Department of Electrical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, University Road, Tainan, 701, Taiwan.
Tzu-Hsien YangDepartment of Biomedical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, University Road, Tainan, 701, Taiwan. thyangza@gs.ncku.edu.tw.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundMetazoan transcriptional regulation is mediated by modular DNA segments termed cis-regulatory modules (CRMs). The precise identification of CRM target genes is essential for understanding cellular functions and disease mechanisms. While reporter assays can validate CRM targets, selecting candidates remains challenging because CRMs often act over long distances, bypassing nearby genes. Simple nearest-gene assignments are therefore unreliable, and methods based on epigenetic correlations are still limited. Enhancer-promoter interaction (EPI) prediction has improved CRM target identification. However, lots of existing EPI tools suffer from overfitting and overlook alternative mechanisms such as non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) transcribed from CRMs.

resultsTo address these gaps, we developed CRM-Target Identifier (CRM-TI), a deep learning pipeline that integrates mechanisms of chromatin interactions and CRM ncRNA-transcription-related gene regulation. Using a chromosome-wise partitioning scheme, CRM-TI achieved an unbiased test auROC of 90.0%, outperforming existing methods by at least 10%. Additionally, considering both CRM-gene interactions and ncRNA-transcription-related regulation further improved auROC performance by 21.9% over the model that considers only CRM-gene interactions.

conclusionsThese results demonstrate that combining comprehensive transcriptional regulatory mechanisms on CRMs provides a more complete framework for CRM-target gene assignment. CRM-TI is available at https://github.com/cobisLab/CRM-TI .

Indexed as

Cis-regulatory moduleCis-regulatory module target genesDistal CRM regulation

Identifiers

PMID41981661
PMCPMC13203003

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