Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41981657›Full record

ArticleGenome biology2026

Herpes simplex virus type 1 R-loops are targets for APOBEC-mediated mutagenesis.

Márton Miskei, Dóra Varga, Lilla Hornyák, Éva Sipos, Éva Nagy, Qiuzhen Li, Zsolt Karányi, Zoltán Szabó, Rachel DeWeerd, Abby M Green and 3 more

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Genome biology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

13 authors.

Márton MiskeiMTA-DE Momentum Genome Architecture and Recombination Research Group, Department of Molecular and Nanopharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary.
Dóra VargaMTA-DE Momentum Genome Architecture and Recombination Research Group, Department of Molecular and Nanopharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary.
Lilla HornyákMTA-DE Momentum Genome Architecture and Recombination Research Group, Department of Molecular and Nanopharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary.
Éva SiposMTA-DE Momentum Genome Architecture and Recombination Research Group, Department of Molecular and Nanopharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary.
Éva NagyMTA-DE Momentum Genome Architecture and Recombination Research Group, Department of Molecular and Nanopharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary.
Qiuzhen LiMTA-DE Momentum Genome Architecture and Recombination Research Group, Department of Molecular and Nanopharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary.
Zsolt KarányiMTA-DE Momentum Genome Architecture and Recombination Research Group, Department of Molecular and Nanopharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary.
Zoltán SzabóDepartment of Emergency Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary.
Rachel DeWeerdDepartment of Pediatrics, Center for Genome Integrity, Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
Abby M GreenDepartment of Pediatrics, Center for Genome Integrity, Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
Dávid SzütsInstitute of Molecular Life Sciences, HUN-REN Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Budapest, Hungary.
Eszter CsomaDepartment of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary. csoma.eszter@med.unideb.hu.
Lóránt SzékvölgyiMTA-DE Momentum Genome Architecture and Recombination Research Group, Department of Molecular and Nanopharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary. lorantsz@med.unideb.hu.

Funding

The impact of APOBEC3A-mediated mutagenesis on gene regulation in cancerF99CA305560 · NCI · WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY · PI Rachel DeWeerd · 2025 to 2026
$101k
National research, development and innovation office NKFIH-K-142137NCI NIH HHS F99 CA305560Nemzeti Kutatási Fejlesztési és Innovációs Hivatal NKFIH-K-137678Nemzeti Kutatási Fejlesztési és Innovációs Hivatal NKFIH-K-142385Nemzeti Kutatási Fejlesztési és Innovációs Hivatal TKP2021-EGA-18
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

APOBEC3 enzymes are key effectors of antiviral immunity that introduce mutations into viral genomes. We show that viral R-loops serve as preferred substrates for APOBEC3-mediated mutagenesis during herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) infection. APOBEC3 enzymes are recruited to viral R-loops, generating clustered C-to-T mutations in genes critical for viral assembly. Importantly, R-loops alone are not mutagenic, and APOBEC3 enzymes do not edit HSV-1 without an R-loop; mutagenesis occurs when R-loops and APOBEC3 enzymes interact. These findings identify endogenous R-loops formed during the HSV-1 life cycle as focal vulnerabilities and highlight R-loop-APOBEC3 coupling as a mechanism for antiviral mutagenesis.

Indexed as

Cytidine DeaminaseHerpesvirus 1, HumanMutagenesisR-Loop StructuresAnimalsAPOBEC DeaminasesGenome, ViralHumansMutationAPOBEC3 proteins, humanAPOBEC DeaminasesCytidine DeaminaseAPOBECDRIP-seqHSV-1R-loopRNA–DNA hybridVirus

Identifiers

PMID41981657
PMCPMC13185267

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.