Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41981474›Full record

ArticleBMC cardiovascular disorders2026

Cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic syndrome stages 0-3 and cognitive decline in Chinese adults: a longitudinal analysis from the China health and retirement longitudinal study.

Zhihao Chen, Ruixue Li, Juan Liang, Bingsong Li, Qingxin Meng, Xinyan Li, Runqing Yang, Ran Tan, Xuejun Wang, Jingxi Li and 1 more

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In one paragraph

Article in BMC cardiovascular disorders, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

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0citing papers in PubMed
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1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

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3 · Its place in the literature

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4 · The record

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5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

11 authors.

Zhihao Chen *Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, No. 16766, Jingshi Road, Jinan, 250014, China.
Ruixue Li *The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.
Juan LiangThe Second Clinical Medical College of Shandong, University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China.
Bingsong LiSchool of Clinical Medicine, Shandong Second Medical University, Weifang, China.
Qingxin MengDepartment of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, No. 16766, Jingshi Road, Jinan, 250014, China.
Xinyan LiDepartment of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, No. 16766, Jingshi Road, Jinan, 250014, China.
Runqing YangDepartment of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, No. 16766, Jingshi Road, Jinan, 250014, China.
Ran TanDepartment of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, No. 16766, Jingshi Road, Jinan, 250014, China.
Xuejun WangThe Second Clinical Medical College of Shandong, University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China.
Jingxi LiThe Second Clinical Medical College of Shandong, University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China.
Mei GaoDepartment of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, No. 16766, Jingshi Road, Jinan, 250014, China. gaomei0217@163.com.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundCardiovascular–kidney–metabolic (CKM) syndrome is increasingly linked to cognitive impairment, yet its association with cognitive trajectories at early stages remains unclear in Chinese adults.

methodsWe analyzed 6,982 adults (≥ 45 years) without baseline clinical cardiovascular disease from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study. Participants were classified into early CKM stages (0–3). Cognitive trajectories (standardized z-scores) over 7 years were evaluated using linear mixed-effects models. Cox proportional hazards models assessed the risk of substantial cognitive decline (≥ 1 SD decrease from baseline).

resultsIndividuals in stage 3 showed significantly lower baseline cognitive scores than those in stage 0. All groups experienced cognitive decline during follow-up, but decline was faster in stage 3, whereas stages 1–2 showed trajectories similar to stage 0. Stage 3 was also associated with a higher, borderline significant risk of substantial cognitive decline after adjustment for demographic, behavioral, and clinical factors.

conclusionsCKM stage 3 was associated with poorer cognitive performance and accelerated cognitive decline. Early identification and comprehensive management of CKM syndrome may help preserve cognitive health.

Indexed as

Cardio-Renal SyndromeCognitive AgingCognitive DysfunctionMetabolic SyndromeAgedAge FactorsChinaDisease ProgressionEast Asian PeopleFemaleHumansLongitudinal StudiesMaleMiddle AgedPrognosisRetirementAgingCardiovascular healthCognitionKidney functionMemoryMetabolic healthRisk factors

Identifiers

PMID41981474
PMCPMC13214362

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.