ArticleBMC health services research2026
Spatial disparities and dynamic evolution of health human resources in primary healthcare institutions in China: a study from the perspective of aggregation degree.
Article in BMC health services research, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundAs a critical component of universal health coverage, the spatial distribution of human resources in primary healthcare has attracted sustained policy attention worldwide. As the world’s largest developing country, China’s experience provides an important setting for examining the spatial distribution and dynamic evolution of the primary healthcare workforce.
objectiveTo examine the spatial distribution and dynamic evolution of health technical human resources in China’s primary healthcare institutions using the Health Resource Aggregation Degree (HRAD) framework.
methodsData on health technical personnel in China’s primary healthcare institutions from 2013 to 2022 were obtained from the China Health Statistics Yearbook and the China Statistical Yearbook. HRAD, Population Aggregation Degree (PAD), kernel density estimation, Dagum Gini coefficient decomposition, and global Moran’s I were used to assess the distribution and temporal evolution of primary healthcare human resources across 31 provinces in China from 2013 to 2022.
resultsThe number of health technicians in primary healthcare institutions increased across all regions of China from 2013 to 2022, but substantial regional disparities persisted. The HRAD/PAD ratio showed different temporal patterns across regions. Overall inequality changed little, with the Gini coefficient shifting from 0.382 in 2013 to 0.378 in 2022, and the 2022 global Moran’s I was not statistically significant (I = -0.0868, p = 0.4808). The observed pattern was characterized by persistent regional disparities, geographic-population mismatch, and increasing cross-regional distributional overlap.
conclusionDespite sustained growth in the primary healthcare workforce, substantial spatial disparities persisted. Future policy should focus on improving targeted allocation mechanisms and strengthening the geographic accessibility of primary healthcare services, particularly in underserved areas.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.