Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41981243›Full record

ArticleBehavior research methods2026

A comprehensive, open-source battery of movement imagery ability tests: Development and psychometric properties.

Marcos Moreno-Verdú, Baptiste M Waltzing, Elise E Van Caenegem, Carla Czilczer, Laurine F Boidequin, Charlène Truong, Stephan Frederic Dahm, Robert M Hardwick

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Article in Behavior research methods, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

8 authors.

Marcos Moreno-VerdúBrain, Action, and Skill Laboratory (BAS-Lab), Institute of Neuroscience (Cognition and Systems Division), UCLouvain, Av. Mounier 54, +2, 1200 Woluwe-Saint-Lambert, Brussels, Belgium. marcos.morenoverdu@uclouvain.be.
Baptiste M WaltzingBrain, Action, and Skill Laboratory (BAS-Lab), Institute of Neuroscience (Cognition and Systems Division), UCLouvain, Av. Mounier 54, +2, 1200 Woluwe-Saint-Lambert, Brussels, Belgium.
Elise E Van CaenegemBrain, Action, and Skill Laboratory (BAS-Lab), Institute of Neuroscience (Cognition and Systems Division), UCLouvain, Av. Mounier 54, +2, 1200 Woluwe-Saint-Lambert, Brussels, Belgium.
Carla CzilczerDepartment of Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Sports Sciences, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.
Laurine F BoidequinBrain, Action, and Skill Laboratory (BAS-Lab), Institute of Neuroscience (Cognition and Systems Division), UCLouvain, Av. Mounier 54, +2, 1200 Woluwe-Saint-Lambert, Brussels, Belgium.
Charlène TruongBrain, Action, and Skill Laboratory (BAS-Lab), Institute of Neuroscience (Cognition and Systems Division), UCLouvain, Av. Mounier 54, +2, 1200 Woluwe-Saint-Lambert, Brussels, Belgium.
Stephan Frederic DahmDepartment of Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Sports Sciences, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.
Robert M HardwickBrain, Action, and Skill Laboratory (BAS-Lab), Institute of Neuroscience (Cognition and Systems Division), UCLouvain, Av. Mounier 54, +2, 1200 Woluwe-Saint-Lambert, Brussels, Belgium.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Imagining performing a movement without executing it (movement imagery) is a covert and multidimensional skill. Leading models propose that the sub-processes of imagery generation, maintenance and manipulation are critical to movement imagery. However, measuring these individual processes, and the potential relationships between them, remains challenging. Here we developed and validated a combination of online tests to assess these different processes. A total of 180 healthy individuals completed the Movement Imagery Questionnaire-Revised, Second Edition (MIQ-RS; generation), the Imagined Finger Sequence Task (iFST; maintenance) and the Hand Laterality Judgement Task (HLJT; manipulation). MIQ-RS showed a bifactorial structure (visual and kinaesthetic modalities) according to confirmatory factor analysis, with good internal consistency. In the iFST, internal validity analyses showed a clear effect of sequence complexity, in both execution and imagery. Reliability, estimated via signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs), was also adequate (SNR ≥ 1.6). In the HLJT, expected effects of rotation angle, hand view and their interaction were found, consistent with biomechanical constraints. Reliability was also adequate (SNR ≥ 1.75). Test-retest reliability (123 participants reassessed after 6-8 days) was generally adequate (intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) ≥ 0.67). Notably, criterion validity across tests, assessed using Bayesian Spearman's correlations, showed that correlations were generally absent (BF

Indexed as

ImaginationPsychometricsPsychomotor PerformanceAdultFemaleHumansMaleMovementReproducibility of ResultsSurveys and QuestionnairesYoung AdultAbilityMotor imageryMovement imageryPsychometricsReliabilityValidity

Identifiers

PMID41981243

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.