Glycerol enhances mitochondrial metabolism and inflammatory response in pro-inflammatory macrophages.

Although glycerol is a ubiquitous metabolite in mammalian systems, its cellular metabolic pathways and functions have not been fully elucidated. Here, we find that elevated extracellular glycerol modulates intracellular metabolism and pro-inflammatory responses of macrophages. In pro-inflammatory macrophages stimulated with lipopolysaccharide, glycerol is taken up through glycerol channels including Aquaporin 3 (AQP3) and metabolized to glycerol-3-phosphate (G3P), which is then converted to dihydroxyacetone phosphate by glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase 2 (GPD2). This glycerol-driven pathway enhances mitochondrial ATP production, potentially by supplying electrons to the electron transport chain (ETC) via GPD2, and by upregulating the transcription of genes encoding ETC complexes.　In addition, glycerol supplementation elevates intracellular acetyl-CoA levels, promotes histone acetylation at the promoters of pro-inflammatory cytokine genes, and consequently increases cytokine gene expression, suggesting enhanced pro-inflammatory response. In vivo experiments, macrophage-specific AQP3 conditional knockout mice exhibit reduced weight gain and adipose tissue inflammation in a high-fat diet-induced obesity model. Our findings provide novel insights into the metabolic regulation and macrophage inflammation by extracellular glycerol.