Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41979788›Full record

ArticleJournal of racial and ethnic health disparities2026

Developing an Intergenerational Model of Structural Racism Exposure among Women in Black Families in South Carolina, 1989-2020.

Annie Ro, Yanmei Xie, Woo Jung Lee, Kristi L Allgood, Andrea K Henderson, Michael P Huynh, Claire E Margerison, Belinda L Needham, Anton M Palma, Michael G Smith and 2 more

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Article in Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

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1 · What the graph read from it

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3 · Its place in the literature

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4 · The record

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5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

12 authors.

Annie RoDepartment of Health, Society, and Behavior, Joe C. Wen School of Population & Public Health, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA. roa@hs.uci.edu.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9684-5566
Yanmei XieCenter for Social Epidemiology and Population Health, Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
Woo Jung LeeDepartment of Health, Society, and Behavior, Joe C. Wen School of Population & Public Health, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA.
Kristi L AllgoodDepartment of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA.
Andrea K HendersonDepartment of Sociology, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA.
Michael P HuynhDepartment of Health, Society, and Behavior, Joe C. Wen School of Population & Public Health, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA.
Claire E MargerisonDepartment of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA.
Belinda L NeedhamCenter for Social Epidemiology and Population Health, Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
Anton M PalmaInstitute for Clinical and Translational Sciences, University of California, CA, Irvine, USA.
Michael G SmithDepartment of Health Services Management and Policy, College of Public Health, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, USA.
Catherine Vander WoudeCenter for Social Epidemiology and Population Health, Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
Nancy L FleischerCenter for Social Epidemiology and Population Health, Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.

Funding

Structural Racism and Adverse Birth Outcomes in the US South: A Multigenerational Perspective (Diversity Supplement)R01MD016046 · NIMHD · UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN AT ANN ARBOR · PI FLEISCHER, NANCY, RO, ANNIE EUN YOUNG · 2021 to 2023
$2.1M
NIMHD NIH HHS R01 MD016046NIMHD NIH HHS R01MD016046
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundStructural racism is a key driver of health inequities among Black Americans, yet its measurement remains inconsistent. This study introduces a multigenerational model of exposure to structural racism across five domains—criminal justice, economic opportunity, educational resources, political participation, and residential segregation—among Black women in South Carolina from 1989 to 2020. It addresses key gaps by applying a lifecourse perspective, identifying consistent indicators over time and space, and using latent variables for assessment across two generations.

methodsWe developed a multigenerational dataset by linking South Carolina birth certificates along the maternal line (1989–2020), focusing on first births among Black mothers with complete structural racism data (n = 75,088 births; 37,544 family trees). Twenty-two indicators were drawn from national and state sources, merged at the county level. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was used to construct latent variables representing structural racism. Measurement invariance testing assessed consistency across generations.

resultsThe model showed good fit for four domains—criminal justice, economic opportunity, educational resources, and residential segregation. Political participation was excluded due to poor fit. Economic opportunity indicators were significant for mothers but not grandmothers, highlighting generational shifts in indicator relevance.

conclusionsFour key dimensions of structural racism were observed across two generations in Black families in South Carolina, though indicator relevance varied. These findings emphasize the importance of context-specific, temporally aware measures. Future research should link these models to health outcomes to deepen understanding of how structural racism shapes health over time.

Indexed as

Birth recordsBlack familiesConfirmatory factor analysisStructural racism exposure

Identifiers

PMID41979788
PMCPMC13485548

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