ArticleJournal of general internal medicine2026
Prevalence and Risk Factors of Addictive and Potentially Addictive Behaviors in Swiss Adults: A Population-Based Study.
Article in Journal of general internal medicine, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND AND
aimsModern environments expose individuals to stimuli that may promote seemingly harmless, yet potentially addictive behaviors. This study investigated the prevalence, co-occurrence, and risk factors of substance and non-substance addictive behaviors in adults to better inform clinical practice and screening strategies.
methodsData were collected from the Specchio digital cohort in Geneva, Switzerland (2023-2024). Addictive and potentially addictive behaviors included smoking, recreational drug use, binge drinking, gambling, excessive leisure screen use, and sugar-sweetened beverage consumption. Analysis included post-stratified prevalence rates, sex- and age-adjusted logistic regression for risk factors, and upset plots for behavioral co-occurrence patterns.
resultsAmong 4575 participants (mean age 52 years; 59.3% female), smoking had the highest prevalence (15.7%, 95% CI 14.0-17.5), followed by binge drinking (12.3%), gambling (9.9%), excessive screen time (9.7%), sugar-sweetened beverage consumption (9.6%), and recreational drug use (5.8%). While smoking alone was most common (21.1%), substance-related behaviors frequently co-occurred (4.3%). Males showed higher odds across all behaviors, particularly gambling (adjusted odds ratio (aOR) = 2.18, 95% CI 1.76-2.70), binge drinking (aOR = 2.10, 95% CI 1.73-2.55), and recreational drug use (aOR = 2.08, 95% CI 1.55-2.79). Socioeconomic disadvantage strongly correlated with gambling (aOR = 2.34, 95% CI 1.89-2.90) and sugar-sweetened beverage consumption (aOR = 1.83, 95% CI 1.41-2.37). Lower psychological well-being was significantly associated with excessive screen time (aOR = 1.79, 95% CI 1.36-2.36), sugar-sweetened beverage consumption (aOR = 1.46, 95% CI 1.01-2.13), and smoking (aOR = 1.43, 95% CI 1.20-1.71).
conclusionsThis study reveals distinct patterns of addictive and potentially addictive behaviors and identifies key risk factors: male sex, lower socioeconomic status, and poor psychological well-being. These findings emphasize the need for targeted prevention strategies and systematic primary care screening, including for new potentially addictive behaviors such as screen time or the consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages.
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