ArticleJournal of extracellular vesicles2026
Nano-Flow Cytometry of Single Extracellular Vesicles Reveals Subpopulation Differences Across Cell Types and Pharmacological Perturbations.
Article in Journal of extracellular vesicles, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
- Microglia-derived extracellular vesicle content as a biomarker for early detection of Alzheimer's disease.Translational neurodegeneration · 2026Review
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Authors and funding
8 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are lipid bilayer-enclosed particles released by most cell types, which can transfer signals and cargoes between cells. EVs released by a single donor cell source are increasingly recognised as extremely heterogeneous in terms of size, intracellular origin, and cargo composition. Analysing large numbers of EVs at the single vesicle level is therefore the only way to truly decipher their heterogeneity. Here, we developed a reliable pipeline of single EV analysis using a nanoparticle-dedicated flow cytometer (Flow NanoAnalyzer, nanofcm), which detects particles smaller than 200 nm in diameter, without the need for vesicle pre-immobilisation or fluorescent labels. We show that titrating each antibody, eliminating unbound antibodies and using EVs devoid of the analysed markers as negative controls are required to reliably quantify the proportion of EVs bearing none or any combination of two markers. We thus observed, depending on the cell source (human cell lines MDA-MB-231, HeLa, A549), variable proportions of EVs bearing none of the CD9, CD81 and CD63 tetraspanins often used to define EVs, and of single- and double-positive EVs for each of these markers. For MDA-MB-231, we also observed CD29 (ITGB1) as a protein detected as frequently on EVs as CD9, while other transmembrane proteins (CD44, CD98), and a ganglioside (SSEA-4) were detected in a small proportion of EVs, and mostly of relatively large size. Finally, we used this pipeline to uncover differential effects of small molecule drugs on subtypes of EVs, and showed that Homosalate increased the proportion of CD9+/CD63+ EVs while two other drugs, Dipivefrin hydrochloride and Metaraminol bitartrate, instead increased the proportion of CD9-/CD63+ EVs. Overall, nano-flow cytometry allows us to reliably quantify proportions of EV subpopulations suggested by bulk analyses of EV markers, at single EV resolution.
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Registered trials
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