Complex Substrates and Bedding for Environmental Enhancement and Research: Or, the Nature of Primates.

Complex substrates, including bedding, have generally been known to encourage nonhuman primate species-typical behaviors and have myriad uses in research, yet are still frequently resisted, especially in laboratory environments. Data show or suggest that complex substrates have the potential to address many primate biological proclivities-ecological and social-concurrently, and to a greater degree than is commonly appreciated. A literature review, along with an informal survey and focus group involving individuals at the National Primate Research Centers and affiliated institutions, provides logistical information relevant to the selection of substrates, their respective advantages and disadvantages, and strategies for successfully arguing for, implementing, or expanding their use. In addition, complex substrates have been utilized successfully in many lines of basic research, have the potential to contribute to others, and will likely improve the quality of primates as a research model. It is hoped that this review will encourage the increased utilization of bedding and other complex substrates in primate behavioral management and science.