Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41978217›Full record

Trial reportNutrients2026

Effects of Fortified Formula Milk Supplementation on Neurocognitive Development and the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis in Preschool Children: A Cluster-Randomized, Double-Blind, Controlled Trial.

Yifan Gong, Xingwen Zhao, Qi Zhang, Xinxin Yan, Bin Sun, Xinyi Li, Qixu Han, Yiran Guan, Huiyu Chen, Meina Li and 6 more

Abstract readRandomized Controlled Trial
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Trial report in Nutrients, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

16 authors.

Yifan GongCollege of Food Science and Engineering, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China.
Xingwen ZhaoDali Vocational and Technical College of Agriculture and Forestry, Dali 671003, China.
Qi ZhangKey Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Food Quality, Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.ORCID 0000-0002-9021-3960
Xinxin YanKey Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Food Quality, Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
Bin SunNational Technology Innovation Center for Dairy, Hohhot 010110, China.
Xinyi LiKey Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Food Quality, Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
Qixu HanKey Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Food Quality, Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
Yiran GuanKey Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Food Quality, Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
Huiyu ChenKey Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Food Quality, Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
Meina LiKey Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Food Quality, Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
Jie GuoKey Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Food Quality, Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
Biao LiuMilk Powder BU, Inner Mongolia Yili Industrial Group Co., Ltd., Hohhot 010110, China.ORCID 0000-0003-4422-4957
Ran WangKey Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Food Quality, Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
Baotang ZhaoCollege of Food Science and Engineering, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China.
Yan ZhangCollege of Food Science and Engineering, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China.
Jingjing HeKey Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Food Quality, Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.ORCID 0000-0002-2427-9064

Funding

China Association for Science and Technology 202404623140567National Key Research and Development Program of China 2024YFF1106000National Technology Innovation Center for Dairy 2023-JSGG-27
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

BACKGROUND/

objectivesThe preschool period is critical for neurodevelopment, yet evidence investigating fortified formula's effect and potential microbiota-gut-brain axis mechanisms in this age group is limited. To evaluate fortified formula milk's effect on neurodevelopment and explore potential microbiota-gut-brain axis mechanisms in preschool children.

methodsIn this 9-month cluster-randomized, double-blind, controlled trial, 120 healthy children aged 3-6 years from four kindergarten classes were stratified by grade and randomly allocated (1:1) to receive either multi-nutrient fortified formula (intervention,

resultsThe intention-to-treat (ITT) analysis showed no significant difference in Full Scale Intelligence Quotient (adjusted mean difference: 1.05 points; 95% CI: -1.42, 3.52;

conclusionsFortified formula milk improved processing speed in preschoolers, a benefit associated with gut ecosystem modulation characterized by

Indexed as

BrainCognitionFood, FortifiedGastrointestinal MicrobiomeInfant FormulaNeurodevelopmentAnimalsChildChild DevelopmentChild, PreschoolDietary SupplementsDouble-Blind MethodFecesFemaleHumansMalecognitive functionfortified formula milkgut microbiotametabolomicsmicrobiota–gut–brain axispreschool childrenprocessing speed

Identifiers

PMID41978217
PMCPMC13074376

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.