Low-Temperature One-Pot Fabrication of a Dual-Ion Conductive Hydrogel for Biological Monitoring.

Flexible conductive hydrogels hold great promise in wearable electronics and biomonitoring applications, yet their practical use is constrained by issues such as poor low-temperature tolerance, susceptibility to dehydration, and limited multifunctional sensing capabilities. This study successfully synthesized a dual-conductive lithium-ion and calcium-ion hydrogel based on acrylamide/gelatin via a simplified low-temperature one-pot polymerization method. At 60 °C, mixing acrylamide, gelatin, lithium chloride, and calcium chloride within 40 min constructed a network structure featuring covalent bonds, ionic bonds, and hydrogen bonds. The resulting material exhibited exceptional extensibility with a break elongation of 1408.5% and tensile strength of 134.2 kPa while maintaining strong adhesion to nine different substrates. It retained flexibility at -20 °C and demonstrated minimal mass loss (3% of initial value) after 10 days of aging. As a sensor, this hydrogel reliably responds to pressure, temperature, large-amplitude body movements, and subtle physiological signals like pulse and vocal cord vibrations. In animal simulation monitoring, its electrical resistance signals increased linearly with model body weight and remained stable between -20 °C and 20 °C. These results demonstrate the hydrogel's broad application potential in wearable sensing, ecological monitoring, and smart agriculture.