A Review and Perspective of Techniques for Autonomous Robotic Ultrasound Acquisitions.

Ultrasound (US) imaging is a widely used diagnostic method in clinics. Real-time-generated US images are used for rapid diagnosis without harm to patients. The quality of US imaging highly depends on the skill of the physician due to the differences among physicians. Techniques for autonomous robotic ultrasound (AU-RUS) acquisitions are expected to become an effective means to improve the level of US diagnosis, reduce the workload of physicians, and improve the standardization of US imaging quality. This paper aims to summarize the current research status of techniques for AU-RUS acquisitions, and to discuss the research trends and challenges regarding related technologies. Firstly, the techniques for AU-RUS acquisitions and systems are outlined. The techniques for teleoperated or autonomous US acquisitions are briefly discussed. Representative RUS acquisition systems are introduced. Then, the current research status of AU-RUS acquisitions is reviewed from four research directions: force sensitivity and control, scanning path-planning and positioning, US treatment guidance, and US image processing technology and quality assessment optimization. This review provides a decision-oriented autonomy perspective by mapping typical methods to workflow components across the stages of perception, decision-making, and execution. We identify major deployment bottlenecks, including safety-verifiable autonomy and failure recovery, motion compensation under deformation, and the lack of standardized, clinically meaningful US image quality metrics. Finally, the shortcomings of current research are summarized and analyzed, and the research trends and challenges for AU-RUS acquisitions are prospected.